Hon 2 quiz 3 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Mindfulness, Savoring, and Flow is associated with
A
Better academic performance, work performance, better relationships, and more frequent experiences of positive emotions are associated with doing one thing at a time and being mindful
2
Q
Media multitasking
A
concurrent use of two or more media streams (TV, print, phone, music, video games, email, text message)
3
Q
Those who engage in more media multitasking are likely to have difficulty
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maintaining attention compared to those who do not.
4
Q
Texting during class can usually predict
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worse grades
5
Q
Mindfulness is about present moment awareness:
A
The attention you bring to your current thoughts, feelings, sensations, as well as to the external environment in which you find yourself at any given moment.
6
Q
Attention to present moment is done
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purposefully
7
Q
Automatic pilot
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not being focused
8
Q
Non Judgmental stance
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noticing feelings or urges but not labeling them as good or bad.
9
Q
Non reactivity
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Making space between you and your thoughts, feelings, sensations, and urges. “I watch my feelings without getting lost in them”
10
Q
Acceptance attitude
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see things as they really are
11
Q
Beginner’s mind
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- approach information and experiences sin the present moment as a novice who is still open to learning,
12
Q
Definitions of mindfulness
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Most recent- The cognitive process of noticing new things, seeking out and attending to a variability, and actively generating novelty and making distinctions
13
Q
Mindfulness is associated with
A
psychological, interpersonal, and physical benefits
14
Q
A mindful person can experience the same events as a less mindful person but it may
A
not affect them as much because they treat it as passing events rather than definitive or stable truths.
15
Q
Loving-kindness meditations
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effort to change or grow one’s connection to others
16
Q
Mediator
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variable that explains the relationship b/w two other variables
17
Q
Savoring
A
Process of up-regulating positive emotion by redirecting your attention in the moment to stimuli or events that lead to the experiences of positive emotion
18
Q
Flow
A
state of absorption in an intrinsically rewarding activity
19
Q
3 conditions give rise to experience of flow-
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goals established, immediate feedback, and challenge of the activity and challenge of your skills to meet that challenge are in balance.
20
Q
Clinical psychologist approach therapy as
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evaluate, diagnosis, treat disease
21
Q
Disease model (used by clinical psychologists)
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placing emphasis on the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
Therapy begins with assessment of symptoms, then the psychologists determine whether the symptoms meet the criteria for any of the disorders contained in the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders. To qualify you must have 5 of the 9 DSM symptoms
22
Q
Diagnostic and Statistical manual of mental disorders
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symptoms that determine mental illness
23
Q
positive -negative asymmetry effect-
A
when forming first impressions of others we tend to spend more time and energy processing negative than positive information and this negative information ultimately contributes to our conclusions.
24
Q
Strength-based model
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strength based approaches that involve identifying and nurturing peoples psychological and social assets rather than solely remedying their problems.
25
Mental health is a state of
well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.
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mental health is defined as
the presence of strengths not the absence of problems
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Corey keys defined mental health as composed of three related things:
Hedonic emotional well-being, Eudaimonic psychological well-being, and Eudaimonic social well-being
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Hedonic emotional well-being:
experiencing pleasure - high levels of positive effect low levels of negative effect
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Eudaimonic psychological well-being
finding personal fulfillment - self acceptance, autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life.
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Eudaimonic social well-being
: experiencing optimal functioning in groups - social acceptance, social integration, social contribution, social coherence, and social actualization.
31
Researchers surveyed 535 people being treated for major depressive disorder.
16.6% of participants said that “presence of positive health” can be used to help heal depression.
32
Positive psychology intervention
designed to increase people's level of virtually any positive psychology variable imaginable, including gratitude, mindfulness, hope, forgiveness, and kindness.
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Researchers do not agree what even
constitutes a PPI
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First definition of PPI
any intervention focusing on a positive topic
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Second definition of PPI
PPIS must target mechanisms or outcomes that full under the category of positive psychology
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Final definition of PPI
PPis should have the goal of improving people's lives not fixing problems
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Parks and Biwas-Diener believe that
no one definition can work, instead they propose 3 criteria for PPI.
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3 criteria for PPI by Parks and Biwas-Diener
1. To nurture or increase particular positive psychology variables like optimism, gratitude, forgiveness, ect.
2. Research shows that the intervention actually changes the positive psychology variable it purports to target (helps exclude pop psychology)
3. Research shows that improving the targeted positive-psychology variable will lead to desirable outcomes.
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LIFE model combines
subjectivity and objectivity and collective and individual to define PPIS
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Positivity activity intervention:
designed to increase well-being by promoting positive feelings, positive thoughts, and positive behavior. developed to nurture optimism and hope
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College students wrote for 8 weeks 15 mins per day envisioning a positive future life.
It showed that those who did this had seen great increases in well-being and had achieved their goals rather than those who did not.
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-Interventions made to
help people practice and nurture character strengths.
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Hope therapy
set goals, generate pathways to goals, produce higher agency thoughts
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Well-being therapy:
targets various components of Carl Ryiff model of psychological well-being. Takes place over 8-16 weekly or biweekly sessions each lasting 45 to 60 minutes
It takes place in three phases:
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Three phases of well being therapy
first identifying past experiences of well-being, then identify the distorted or irrational thoughts blocking your well-being, and last Ryff’s six dimensions of psychological well-being are presented.
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Ryff’s six dimensions of psychological well-being are
Self-acceptance, environmental mastery, autonomy, personal growth, positive social interactions, and life purpose.
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CBT
Cognitive behavior therapy:
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Research usually addresses WBTS efficacy in augmenting tradition.
3 controlled trials showed that combining CBT with WBT results in a decreased rate of relapses in peoples recurrent depression.
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Highschool students who participated in WBT showed
greater improvement in psychological well-being and decreases in anxiety.
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Positive psychotherapy
a newer example of PPI designed to treat depression
Based on 3 premises:
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PPTBased on 3 premises:
1. Psychopathology can result when challenges and problems in life thwart clients capacity for growth, fulfillment, and well-being
2. Strengths and positive feelings are important in their own right
3. Not all clients need deep long term discussions of their troubles
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Three phases of ppt
clients explore a balanced narrative of themselves, clients deal with negative memories and cultivate positive emotions, and are introduced examples to help them foster positive relationships, meaning, and purpose.
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What is intriguing about WBT and PPT is that disorders like depression may be
bolstering clients' psychological assets rather than solely targeting their symptoms.
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Culture matters for
PPIS as well
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Korea had smaller increase than
United states when using gratitude interventions
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6 love styles by John Alan Lee 1973:
Eros, Ludus, Storge, Mania, Agape, Pragma
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Eros
passionate, sexual, or romantic (physically attracted)
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Ludus
a game (based on tricks played by partner ex: Blair and Chuck)
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Storge
familia love, love that arises in people living together or near
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Mania
mental illness generally marked by euphoria, excitement, or obsession
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Agape
altruistic love (highest and purest) selfless
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Pragma
practical and businesslike
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Hendricks used self-report by 57 couples to determine if any love style could form satisfying relationships.
Results: -eros is positively related to satisfaction
-ludus scores were negatively related to satisfaction
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Triangular theory of love
a taxonomy developed by Robert Strenberg and it identifies a number of love types and places them along three dimensions (Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment)
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Intimacy refers to feelings of
closeness, connectedness, and boldness in loving relationships
-primarily emotional in nature
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Passion refers to the
physical and sexual attraction
-primarily motivational in nature
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Commitment refers to
the decision to maintain that love despite ups and downs
-largely cognitive since it involves having a belief that a relationship is worth maintaining
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Triangular theory of love describe a variety of kinds of love
Ex: infatuation involves high levels of passion and low levels of intimacy or commitment
High levels of intimacy + passion = romantic love
High levels of intimacy + commitment = companionate love
High levels of passion + commitment = fatuous love
All three = the Holy grail
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Sorkowski and Sternberg teamed up with 100 researchers to assess the theory in 25 countries across all inhabited continents to test the Triangular love scale.
The results showed that the scale functions fairly equally over 25 countries and two components related to relationship duration (passion highest in shorter time couples and commitment highest in long term).
BUT it was cross-sectional and longitudinal so we don't know over time how it may look.
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Fredrickson says that love is the supreme emotion and other positive emotions such
as joy, happiness, pride, and gratitude tend to be associated with it. But it also differs because it is an interpersonal emotion and involves others.
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Fredrickson defines love as
as a moment to moment emotional experience that is characterized by warm and mutual caring.
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Positive resonance
behavior and brain sync up when experiencing love
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Researchers tested the degree to which brains synchronize when someone is telling a story. They tested it using two native speakers and one native english speaker. They used IRNS equipment in order to test it.
It showed that the brains do synchronize when they can understand
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Biological mechanism that may play role in love:
Oxytocin- neuropeptide/ hormone help people read social cues better and be more altruistic
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Vagus nerve
extends from brain to parts of body. Believed to play a role in emotion regulation and social competence.
Ex: research shows that those with lower vagal tone may be more prone to psychological arousal and negative emotions
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A social network is related to
greater levels of well-being
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Research by Diner and Seligman examined the happiest 10% of students and least happy 10% of students in a setting.
The happiest spent less time alone and were more satisfied with their relationships.
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Degrees of separation
one degree separated from a friend, two degrees separated from a family friend, three degrees separated from a friends friends friend
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Studies showed that one person's happiness spreads through their social network even up to
three degrees of separation
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Friendship
Voluntary interdependence between two people that include the satisfaction of interpersonal needs or desires such as intimacy, support, or self validation.
81
Both quality and quantity of friends are associated with
happiness but quality tends to be more so.
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Social media interaction with friends can be related to
disconnect
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Being married is related to
higher psychological well-being than not
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When people are married and in an environment surrounded by peers were it is normal and expected
they are more likely to be satisfied with their marriage
85
People's overall well-being and satisfaction can depend on
satisfaction of marriage
86
Three major theories about what factors lead to long-lasting and satisfying relationships
Attachment theory, Social Exchange Theories, and Balance theory of relationships
87
Attachment theory
Originally developed by John Bowbly and expanded by Mary Ainsworth. States that bonds that children form with parents or guardians determines the way they will form relationships throughout their lives
Ex: children who grow up with a sense of trust and security are said to have a secure attachment style
Research supports that those with secure attachment style tend to have higher levels of satisfaction within relationships
88
Social Exchange Theories
propose that people's decisions to engage in and remain in a relationship, as well as their satisfaction in that relationship, depend on weighing the costs and benefits of relationships.
Ex: people's decisions to remain in a job are related to their decision to remain in a relationship
“Partners in relationships seek to maximize reward and minimize cost.
89
Balance theory of relationships
Gottman and Nortarius said that the stability of a relationship and the degree of satisfaction a couple of experiences depend on achieving a healthy balance between negative and positive interactions.
-disagreements or anger are not necessarily harmful to the longevity of a couple
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Investment theory of commitment
-The more we invest the more likely we are to remain committed to the relationship even if we fall short in other areas.
91
Comparison level for alternatives refers to
a person's thought whether another relationship would be more beneficial than the current one they are in.
92
3 types of regulate couples:
-Validating couples, Voltaire couples, and Conflict minimizing couples:
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Validating couples:
: calm and easy going manner
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Voltaire couples
experience a wide array of ups and downs emotionally
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Conflict minimizing couples:
they try hard to not fight
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Two types of couples
regulated and unregulated
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-unregulated relationships tend to be
dysfunctional
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Hostile couples:
show open contempt for each other: engaging in the same conflict over and over
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Hostile detached couples:
similar but one member seeks to detach from argument while other continues fighting.
100
Nomothetic
research identifying tendencies or principles that are generally true of a population of individuals
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Idiographic
study of an individual, who is unique, with properties setting that person apart from other individuals
102
Cultural conceptions on
passionate and companionate love appear to be similar
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Culture influences romance through what we consider to be
beautiful
Ex: in Sepik River in Papua New Guinea some men decorate themselves with scars to prove courage
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standards regarding body weight vary
culture to culture
Ex: attractiveness usually associated as slim for women and muscular for men
Black American culture is more likely than White american culture to celebrate people who weigh more as being beautiful
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Marriage rates differ dramatically from
culture to culture (less marriage in south korea and argentina than the US)
106
Culture may influence whether people marry for love versus other reasons
Ex US and Europe usually for love whilst regions like India, South Asia, and Sub-Saharan Africa may still use arranged marriages.
107
Attitudes towards same-sex marriage differ through culture.
Ex: US and Canada and others recognize it while others do not and it may even be a crime
108
Passionate love
feeling of extreme absorption. Often have mood swings and feelings from ecstasy to anguish
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Companion love
a calmer and deeper state of love that is more unshakeable
110
Myth of romantic expectations-
New couples create idealized mythical perceptions
“Forever promises, unbridled appreciation, total adoration, blind reassurance, symbols parent indulgence”
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romantic love can drastically change happiness very quickly
Romantic love is associated with euphoria and enhanced well being but also anxiety jealousy and grief. -levels of dopamine can be compared to when using alcohol and cocaine
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Social media has revolutionized dating and interaction can
facilitate or hinder relationships
-Adolescents who use technology more may report lower competencies in romantic relationships one year later
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Recommendations for romantic love
Maintain a healthy balance between traditional in person or on
-prioritize face to face interactions
-adjust communication patterns
114
romantic love can
reduce depression while increasing belonging and happiness
-stable relationships tend to show less anxiety and stress
-increase of life expectancy
-maintains a healthy heart
-eases pain
Negative effects:
-untreated mental health issues from relationships
115
Unrequited love
romantic feelings or desires or attraction and the other does not reciprocate these feelings
To heal: practice acceptance, reflect on your needs, set boundaries, meditation, limit interactions
116
Social Networks
“Having others in ones life”
-friendships: voluntary interdependence that satisfies desires like self validation, support, or self validation.
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Importance of Social Network
sense of belonging, stress relief, self confidence, strategy to cope
-improves length and quality of life
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The magic ratio
every negative experience you have in a relationship it has to have 5 positive interactions to make your relationship stable
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We need
social support. High chance of biomed students dropping out without social support
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Social media does not fit in well with social networks
-people need to take breaks, relationships online or like addictions, too much public eye, delete social media to focus on yourself, social media was very detrimental to mental state, and only use social media when YOU are using it.
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Family focused positive psychology
positive psychology under family focus lens
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Resilience
an ability to cope effectively under severe stress or emotional loss
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Positive family
a healthy family that adjusts well and flourishes during and after challenges
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Alfred Adler -
4 characteristics of a flourishing family:
1. warmth and respect
2. democratic approach and authoriative decision-making instead of authoritarian.
3. household rules for maturity and autonomy, and
4. access to healthy relationships with the wider community.
125
4 types of parental styles:
Neglectful/ absent
Permissive: get everything they want no rules
Authoritarian: very strict and lecture based
Authoritative : perfect in middle
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4 types of parental behavior:
Restrictiveness
Appropriateness
Communicability
Warm and support
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Authoritative study:
-difficult to maintain
-Study in Hungary measuring depressive symptoms?
Two aspects to consider:
-Warmth, involvement, acceptance
-Demandingness- control, strictness, monitoring
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Sibling coalition building:
when two or more siblings band together against one sibling
129
Walsh; therapeutic lifestyle changes
article and study that explains that mental health and life satisfaction is directly correlated to lifestyle. Discusses Nutrition & Diet, Nature, Recreation, Play Personality, Relaxation/stress, Religion, and Contribution and service.
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Nutrition & Diet
food selection and a colorful plate is important. Fish supplements have MEGA 3 which are directly correlated to mental health and are related to reduced depressive symptoms and psychosis.
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Nature
Nature improves mental health, versatile group of people agree from priests to poets. Nature can exempt significant emotional and psychological tolls and help offer a break.
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Recreation
Allows time to do things you enjoy and increases positive mood and affect. Allows you to have time to spend doing WBES. In children it can help foster social skills and litigate stress in adults.
133
Play personality goes with recreation. What is yours?
The Joker (always joking even when I am sad or upset; my main language) and the collector (thrifts)
134
Relaxation and stress:
You can manage stress through relaxation and this can decrease stressful events and increase how you cope with it. Self hypnosis and guided imagery can help you deal with anxiety. Yoga and meditation
135
Contribution and service:
Act of altruism can enhance happiness and maturity. People who volunteer are happier, healthier, and physically active. “Helpers high” happiness through generosity.
136
Play personality types
The Joker, The Kinesthete, The Explorer, the Competitore, The director, the Collector, the artist/creator, the story/teller
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The Joker
Joker play revolves around some kind of nonsense.
138
The Kinesthete
"Need to move in order to think" ex athletes
139
The Explorer
Being creative physically or emotionally by searching for new feelings and experiences
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The Competitor
enjoys competitive games or playing to win
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The Director
Enjoy planning and executing scenes and events
142
The Collector
enjoys holding collection of items.
143
The artist/ creator
joy is found in making things
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The story teller
uses their imagination to create scenes or stories
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Caryl Rusbult proposed that three major factors combine to maintain a person's commitment to a relationship:
satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size.
