Hon A&P Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
Physiology
A
Study of the body functions.
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Study of the body structure.
2
Q
Movement
A
The organism’s, cell’s, or organelles’ ability to move substances.
3
Q
Responsiveness
A
The ability to detect and to respond to internal and external stimuli.
4
Q
Growth
A
Growth in size OR number of cells.
5
Q
Reproduction
A
New cells OR organisms produced.
6
Q
Respiration
A
Releasing energy from foods.
7
Q
Digestion
A
Breakdown of macromolecules.
8
Q
Absorption
A
Moving materials through membranes into bodily fluids.
9
Q
Assimilation
A
Changing absorbed materials into other compounds to be used in the body.
9
Q
Nutrients
A
Nutrients are foods, vitamins, and minerals. They are used for cellular respiration, building blocks, and regulating chemical reactions.
10
Q
Circulation
A
Moving substances throughout the body.
11
Q
Excretion
A
Removing metabolic wastes.
12
Q
Water
A
Water is used for transport, temperature regulation, and metabolism. Requires an aqueous environment.
13
Q
Heat
A
Necessary for metabolism, temperature or amount of heat determines the rate of the chemical reaction.
13
Q
Pressure
A
A certain amount of force is required for breathing (air pressure) and for pumping blood (blood pressure).
13
Q
Oxygen
A
Used for cellular respiration.
14
Q
Homeostasis
A
Maintaining a stable internal environment.
15
Q
Some body’s homeostatic mechanisms
A
Temperature, blood sugar, blood pressure, fluid levels, blood ion levels, and oxygen levels.
15
Q
Negative Feedback
A
An internal change that causes a response that reverses the original response. Body temp, and most body feedback mechanisms are examples of negative feedback.
16
Q
Oral
A
Mouth
16
Q
Positive Feedback
A
Rare; a response that enhances the original stimulus. Childbirth, induced labor, and blood clotting are examples of positive feedback.
17
Q
Cranial
A
Houses the brain
18
Q
Orbital
A
Eye sockets
18
Middle Ear
Inside ear
18
Nasal
Nose
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Vertebral Canal
Houses the spinal cord
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Abdominal
Stomach, liver, pancreas, intestines, etc.
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Thoracic
Upper chest area cavity
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Mediastinum
All of pleural and pericardial
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Plueral
Houses the lungs
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Pelvic
Kidneys, bladder, part of intestines, etc.
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Which organ systems are function as support and movement?
Skeletal and muscular
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Which organ systems function as absorption and excretion?
Digestive, respiratory, and urinary
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Which organ systems function as integration and coordination?
Neurons and endocrine
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Which organ systems function as protection?
Integumentary and immune
25
Which organ systems function as reproduction?
Ovaries and testicles
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Which organ systems function as transport?
Cardiovascular and lymphatic
26
Skeletal
Bones, ligaments, and cartilage. Specific function is for framework and protection.
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Muscular
Skeletal muscles. Specific function is contraction for movement.
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Neurons
Brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and nerves. Specific function is to sense changes, send messages, and determine responses.
29
Endocrine
Glands; specific function is to send chemical messages.
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Cardiovascular
Heart, blood, and vessels; specific function is to circulate materials back to cells.
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Digestive
GI tract, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas; specific function is to break down and absorb nutrients.
30
Lymphatic
Lymph fluid, vessels, and nodes; specific function is to carry body fluids back to blood.
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Respiratory
Lungs, bronchi, and trachea; specific function is to bring oxygen into blood and take carbon dioxide out of blood.
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Posterior
Toward the back of body
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Urinary
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra; specific function is to remove waste and excess water.
34
Integumentary
Skin; specific function is to keep outside and inside apart.
34
Ovaries and Testicles
To produce the next generation.
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Inferior
Away from head
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Immune
White blood cells, tonsils, and spleen; specific function is to destroy foreign bacteria, viruses, etc.
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Superior
Toward the head
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Anterior
Toward the front of body
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Medial
Toward midline
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Lateral
Away from midline
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Proximal
Toward the point of attachment
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Distal
Away from point of attachment
43
Superficial
Toward the surface of the body
44
Deep
Away from surface of the body
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Sagittal
Lengthwise plane, left and right sides
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Frontal - Anterior
Forehead
46
Coronal/Frontal
Lengthwise plane, front and back halves
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Transverse
Crosswise plane, top and bottom halves
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Cephalic - Anterior
Head
48
Orbital - Anterior
Eye cavity
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Otic - Anterior
Ear
50
Nasal - Anterior
Nose
51
Oral - Anterior
Mouth
52
Buccal - Anterior
Cheek
53
Mental - Anterior
Chin
54
Acromial - Anterior
Shoulder
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Axillary - Anterior
Armpit
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Sternal - Anterior
Center of chest
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Pectoral - Anterior
Chest
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Mammary - Anterior
Breast
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Antecubital - Anterior
Front of elbow
60
Brachial - Anterior
Upper arm
61
Antebrachial - Anterior
Forearm region
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Carpal - Anterior
Wrist
63
Digital - Anterior
Fingers
64
Abdominal - Anterior
Belly
65
Umbilical - Anterior
Navel
66
Cervical - Anterior
Neck
67
Inguinal - Anterior
Depressed area of hip
68
Coxal - Anterior
Hip (side)
69
Genital - Anterior
Reproductive organs
70
Patellar - Anterior
Front of knee
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Crural - Anterior
Area between knee and ankle (lower leg)
72
Tarsal - Anterior
Ankle (instep)
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Pedal - Anterior
Top of foot
74
Occipital - Posterior
Lower back head
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Acromial - Posterior
Shoulder
76
Vertebral - Posterior
Spinal column
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Brachial - Posterior
Arm
78
Dorsum - Posterior
Back
79
Cubital - Posterior
Elbow
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Lumbar - Posterior
Lower back
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Sacral - Posterior
Between hips
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Perineal - Posterior
Between anus and genital
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Gluteal - Posterior
Buttocks
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Femoral - Posterior
Thigh
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Popliteal - Posterior
Behind the knee
86
Crural - Posterior
Leg (lower)
87
Plantar - Posterior
Sole of foot
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Tissue
Similar cells specialized to carry out a function
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Histology
Study of tissues
90
Cytology
Study of cells
91
Extracellular Matrix (outside of cell)
All material outside of and in between cells (nonliving). Ex: water, macromolecules, etc.)
92
Epithelial Tissues
Covers organs, lines cavities to form barriers. This tissue absorbs, secretes, and excretes.
93
Glandular Tissue
Secretes substances needed by the body
94
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues
Avascular, high mitotic rate, tightly packed, basement membrane and 1 free substance
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Squamous
Thin, flattened cells
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Cuboidal
Cube shaped
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Columnar
Tall and elongated
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Transitional
Change shape when stretched
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Simple squamous
Single layer of flat cells
Function: absorption
Ex.: Alveoli of lungs
100
Simple columnar
Single layer of tall cells
Function: secretion, absorption, and protection
Ex.: ciliated - lines female fallopian tubes
microvilli - lines small intestine
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Simple cuboidal
Single layer of cube cells
Function: Secretion and absorption
Ex.: Kidney tubules, salivary glands
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Pseudo stratified columnar
Appear layered but aren't, usually ciliated with goblet cells
Ex.: respiratory passages
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Stratified squamous
Many layered flat cells
Function: Protection
Ex.: Skin, esophagus
104
Stratified cuboidal
2 to 3 layers of cube cells
Function: protection
Ex.: lines sweat and salivary glands
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Stratified columnar
Several layers of tall cells
Function: Protection
Ex.: pharynx
106
Transitional
Stretches
Function: Protection with ability to change size
Ex.: Lines bladder and uterus
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Exocrine glands
Secrete onto surfaces or cavities
Ex.: Salivary, sweat, ceruminous (ear), sebaceous (skin), pancreas
108
Endocrine glands
Secrete into the blood
Ex.: Thyroid, pituitary
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Secretion
Active - produced and needed by the body
110
Excretion
Passive - waste leaving the body
Ex.: Sweat
111
Connective tissues
Bind structures, support, protection, filler
112
Characteristics of connective tissues
Cells inside an ECM, which includes fibers and ground substance, also it is vascular
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Fibroblast/FIbrocyte
Fixed cells that produce matrix fibers
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Macrophages
Wandering cells that remove dead and foreign particles
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Mast cells
Near blood vessels to prevent clotting and participate in allergic response
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Fibers: Collagenous
Thick protein fiber bundles, very strong
Ex.: ligaments, tendons
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Fibers: Elastic
Thin protein fibers that stretch and recoil
Ex.: Skin, vocal cords
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Fibers: Riticular
Thin collagen fibers; branched
Ex.: Spleen, lymph nodes, adipose tissue
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Loose or Areolar
Thin membranes and fills spaces
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Characteristics of loose and areolar connective tissue
Fibroblasts far apart, ECM a gel with many collagen and elastin fibers
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Location of loose and areolar
Found deep to most Epithelial layers
Ex.: Dermis of the skin
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Adipose
Energy storage cells, cushions, and insulates
123
Characteristics of adipose cells
Nucleus and organelles pushed to the edge of the cells
124
Location of adipose cells
Visceral; between muscles, around heart, kidneys. Subcutaneous: under the skin.
125
What are adipocytes?
Fat cells
126
Dense Tissue Function
Flexible strength and connection
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Characteristics of dense tissue
Few cells, ECM of closely packed collagen
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Location of dense tissue
In tendons, ligaments
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What type of cells are in dense tissue?
Fibroblasts
130
Cartilage Function
Support, framework, cushioning at joints
131
Characteristics of cartilage
Cells reside in lacunae (spaces), completely surrounded by a rigid ECM
132
Location and types of cartilage cells
Hyaline: Ends of bones
Elastic: Ears, Larynx
Fibrocartilage: Vertebral disks
133
What is the name for cartilage cells?
Chondrocytes
134
Bone (osseus connective tissue)
Function: supports and protects body, also mineral storage
Characteristics: Rigid ECM of Ca3(Po3)2 and CaCo3, collagen surrounds bone, lacuna
Location: Skeleton
135
What is the name of bone cells?
Osteocytes
136
Addition structure of bone
Central canal provides transport into the solid matrix; Canaliculi are tunnels between the cells
137
Blood (liquid connective tissue)
Function: Transports materials
Characteristics: Fluid ECM (plasma), no fibers
Location: Inside vessels
138
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells
139
Leukocytes
White blood cells
140
Thrombocytes
Platelets
141
Muscle tissue
Functions: Contract to provide movement
Characteristics: Vascular, extremely packed
142
What are the types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, smooth, cardial
143
Skeletal
Voluntary, attached to bone, striated, multinucleated, elongated cells
144
Smooth
Involuntary, no striations, spindle-shaped, mononucleated, located in various organs, blood vessels
145
Cardial
Involuntary, striated, branched, mononucleated
146
Nervous tissue
Function: Sense changes, transmit impulses, coordinate and integrate body functions
Characteristics: Two types of cells - neurons and neuroglia cells
Location: Concentrated in brain and spinal cord
147
What are the types of membranes?
Serious, mucous, cutaneous, synovial
148
Sereous
Line internal body cavities and cover organs; secrete fluid
EX: parietal pleura (lungs), meninges (brain)
149
Mucous
Line cavities that open to the outside; secrete mucous
EX: respiratory tubes, urinary tubes
150
Cutaneous
Skin
151
Synovial
Line joints
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