Honors Bio Flashcards by Graham Palmer

What warning sign happens before the marathon starts?

Increased breathing and heart rate

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What warning signs happen 1km into the race?

Glucose decreases (fuel)
Heart rate increases
Breathing rate increases

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Why does your heart and breathing rate go up 1km into the race?

Her muscles work and she makes more oxygen; rate of gas exchange increases

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What warning signs happen at 10km?

Temperature

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Why does the temperature at 10km go up?

Exposed skin and muscles contract, producing heat
Heat from organs increases blood vessel temp
This increases core body temp

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What are the conflicting demands at the 11km mark?

Muscles need increased blood supply but that raises heat to dangerous levels

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How to resolve these conflicting demands?

Change where blood goes: Skin (10%), heart (20%), and muscles (50%)

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How does she cool down?

Radiation
Convection

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What does ‘catch 22’ mean in the sense of convection?

You have to do 2 contradicting things to make it work

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How does convection work?

The brain senses temp rise and sweat glands release moisture; evaporation = cooling

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What is the con of convection?

Sweat leads to loss of water, making blood harder to pump and causing dehydration

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Why does your heart and breathing rate go up before the race?

Adrenal glands release adrenaline, affecting heart and breathing rate

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What are the functions of the Integumentary System?

Protects against infection
Physical barrier to invading organisms
Prevents dehydration
Regulates temperature

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What is the function of the Skeletal System?

Provides structure and anchors muscles for movement

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What is the primary function of the Muscular System?

Allows movement towards/away from external stimuli

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What does the Nervous System do?

Provides immediate response to information through electro-chemical systems

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What is the main communication method of the Endocrine System?

Hormones carried through the bloodstream

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What is the function of the Cardiovascular/Circulatory System?

Carries nutrients to all parts of the body

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What does the Urinary System do?

Filters and disposes of soluble waste; regulates blood pressure

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What is the function of the Respiratory System?

Allows exchange of metabolic gases; regulates body pH

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What are the four types of biological macromolecules?

Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic acids

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What is a substrate in enzyme activity?

Any molecule that an enzyme works on

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What do enzyme names typically end with?

-ase

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Where is Pepsinogen manufactured?

Stomach

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Where are mono- and di- saccharides digested?

Mouth

What is the form of Pepsinogen when it is made?

Inactive

What is the function of the Nervous System?

Provides constant communication of info between body parts

What do dendrites do?

Receive input (stimulus) from other cells

What is the role of the axon?

Carries electrical impulses from neuron to other neurons

What are Schwann cells?

Cells wrapped around the axon allowing fast impulses

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

Insulates the axon and keeps pulses insulated

What are axon terminals?

Transmit messages to other cells via neurotransmitters

What types of neurons make up a nerve?

* Sensory * Motor * Sensory-motor

What do sensory neurons do?

Pick up stimuli and bring impulses to the CNS

What are interneurons responsible for?

Routing sensory neuron impulses to associated neurons

What do motor neurons do?

Carry impulses out to effectors

What is the purpose of folds in the brain?

Increase surface area for more information

What is meningitis?

Infection of the meninges

Where is the cerebrum located?

Upper and frontal portions of the brain

What does the cerebellum control?

Coordination of muscle movement and balance

What is the function of the medulla?

Controls basal heart rate and unconscious breathing

What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) do?

Relays information from skin and appendages to CNS

What is an example of the Peripheral Nervous System at work?

Reflex arc

What is the Autonomic Nervous System responsible for?

Handles responses not under conscious control

What is the role of the sympathetic ANS?

'Fight or flight' responses

What did Phineas Gage's accident reveal?

Different areas of the brain control different functions

What did Dr. Hitzig conclude from his experiments?

Certain parts of the brain control specific areas of the body

What is action potential?

A rapid sequence of changes in the voltage membrane on the axon

What is the electrical condition of a resting neuron?

Polarized

What are the ion concentrations of a resting neuron?

* High sodium (Na) concentration outside * High potassium (K) concentration inside

What is the purpose of the Na/K pump?

To re-establish the original ion balance during the refractory period

What are the properties of arteries?

* Thick walls * High pressure * Carry blood away from heart * High oxygen content

What are the properties of veins?

* Thin walls * Low pressure * Carry blood towards heart * Low oxygen content

What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart?

Heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins -> heart

What do red blood cells do?

Carry oxygen and have a short lifespan

What is the function of white blood cells?

Identify and attack non-self entities

What is the job of blood?

Pick up and get rid of respiratory gases

What is external respiration?

Exchange of gases between outside of body and blood

What is internal respiration?

Exchange of gases between blood and tissues

What is the main function of the endocrine system?

Chemical communication through hormones

What distinguishes the endocrine system from the nervous system?

Endocrine: disconnected, slow, chemical; Nervous: connected, fast, electro-chemical

What hormones are produced by glands?

Chemical messengers affecting target cell activity

What are the characteristics of lipids?

* 3 six-sided rings * 1 five-sided ring * Mainly Carbon and Hydrogen

What is important about cholesterol?

It can be used to create hormones by modifying its structure

Which system helps the endocrine system communicate?

Cardiovascular/circulatory ## Footnote The cardiovascular system transports hormones throughout the body.

What do glands produce?

Chemical messengers called hormones ## Footnote Hormones are classified into two categories: steroid and non-steroid.

What are the characteristics of lipids?

- 3 six-sided rings and 1 five-sided ring - Mainly only Carbon and Hydrogen

What is important about cholesterol?

It can be used as a starting point to create any hormone by cutting off or adding different atoms on the 4 rings

Cholesterol is also in ____

Phospholipid bilayers

What types of hormones does cholesterol make?

Steroid hormones

Are steroids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Hydrophobic ## Footnote Steroids pass through cell membranes easily due to their hydrophobic nature.

Characteristics of Amino Acids

- Charged NH group & COO group - Hydrophilic

Are non-steroids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Hydrophilic ## Footnote Non-steroids do not pass through the membrane easily and stay outside the cell.

First step of steroid process

Steroid hormone passes through plasma membrane and cytoplasm into the nucleus of the target cell

Second step of steroid process

Receptor protein receives the steroid hormone and creates the Hormone-receptor complex

Third step of steroid process

Hormone-receptor complex bonds to the DNA and results in mRNA

Fourth step of steroid process

mRNA creates a new protein

All steps of Steroid process

1. Steroid hormone enters through target cell membrane & cytoplasm & nucleus 2. Receptor protein receives the hormone 3. The Hormone-receptor complex is created and binds to the DNA to create mRNA 4. mRNA creates a new protein

First step of non-steroid process

Non-steroid protein (first messenger) combines with the receptor protein in the plasma membrane

Second step of non-steroid process

The receptor protein activates the enzyme to turn ATP (substrate) into the cAMP (second messenger & product)

Third step of non-steroid process

The cAMP effects the cellular functions

Would any reactions happen without the receptor protein?

Honors Bio Flashcards

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