HONR 101A Chapter 1-4

Question 1

The fundamental concern about the quality of your beliefs.

Answer 1

Critical thinking

Question 2

An assertion that something is or is not the case.

Answer 2

Statement

Question 3

A group of statements in which some of them are intended to support another of them. Gives reasons for believing that something is the case.

Answer 3

Argument

Question 4

The statements/reasons given in support of another statement.

Answer 4

Premises

Question 5

the statement(s) that the premises are intended to support.

Answer 5

Conclusion

Question 6

A statement that tells us why or how something is the case

Answer 6

Explanation

Question 7

The study of good reasoning, or inference, and the rules that govern it.

Answer 7

Logic

Question 8

The logical link between premises and a conclusion that distinguishes arguments from all other kinds of discourse.

Answer 8

Inference

Question 9

Terms that frequently accompany arguments and signal that a premise or conclusion is present.

Answer 9

Indicator words

Question 10

Because, in view of the fact, given that, seeing that, as

Answer 10

common premise indicators

Question 11

Due to the fact that, being that, since, assuming that, for the reason that

Answer 11

common premise indicators

Question 12

inasmuch as, as indicated by, for, the reason being

Answer 12

common premise indicators

Question 13

therefore, thus, which implies that, consequently

Answer 13

common conclusion indicators

Question 14

it follows that, we can conclude that, so, hence

Answer 14

common conclusion indicators

Question 15

it must be that, as a result, which means that, ergo

Answer 15

common conclusion indicators

Question 16

Accepting a claim just because it advances your interests or helps you save face.

Answer 16

Self-centered thinking

Question 17

Resisting evidence that contradicts cherished beliefs.

Answer 17

Resisting contrary evidence

Question 18

Seeking out and using only confirming evidence.

Answer 18

Confirmation bias

Question 19

Reasoning for the purpose of supporting a predetermined conclusion not to uncover truth.

Answer 19

Motivated reasoning

Question 20

Relying on evidence because it’s memorable or striking not because it’s trustworthy.

Answer 20

Availability error

Question 21

the way repeated exposure to words or images can induce a favorable feeling toward them even in the absence of reasons or evidence.

Answer 21

Mere exposure effect

Question 22

Believing a false claim is true simply because it is familiar.

Answer 22

Illusion-of-truth effect

Question 23

Overestimating the degree to which other people share our opinions, attitudes, and preferences.

Answer 23

False consensus effect

Question 24

Fundamental ideas that help us make sense of a wide range of important issues in life.

Answer 24

World view

Question 24

Being ignorant of how ignorant we are.

Answer 24

Dunning-Kruger effect

Question 25

The view that truth depends solely on what someone believes

Answer 25

Subjective relativism

Question 26

The view that truth is relative to societies.

Answer 26

Social relativism

Question 27

Either persons or societies can never be mistaken. This is a problem for relativism

Answer 27

Infallibility

Question 28

Their truth implies their falsity.

Answer 28

Self-refuting

Question 29

The view that we know much less than we think or nothing at all.

Answer 29

Philosophical skepticism

Question 30

Provide logically conclusive support for its conclusion.

Answer 30

Deductive argument

Question 31

Deductive argument that succeeds in providing conclusive support for its conclusion.

Answer 31

Valid argument

Question 32

Deductive argument that fails to provide conclusive support for its conclusion.

Answer 32

Invalid argument

Question 33

A deductively valid argument with true premises.

Answer 33

Sound argument

Question 34

a valid argument that assumes that if the premises are true, then its conclusion must be true.

Answer 34

Truth-preserving argument

Question 35

Intended to provide probable- not conclusive- support for its conclusion.

Answer 35

Inductive argument

Question 36

An inductive argument that succeeds in providing very probable support for its conclusion.

Answer 36

Strong argument

Question 37

an inductive argument that fails to provide very probable support for its conclusion.

Answer 37

Weak argument

Question 38

an inductively strong argument with true premises

Answer 38

Cogent argument

Question 39

If premises are true, conclusion is very likely true.

Answer 39

Inductively strong arguments

Question 40

personal meetings with decision-makers

Answer 40

Lobbying

Question 41

Influencing through direct, private communications with decision-maker

Answer 41

Direct communication

Question 42

it necessarily follows that, it logically follows that, absolutely, necessarily, certainly

Answer 42

Indicator words for deductive arguments

Question 43

Likely, probably, chances are, odds are, it is plausible that

Answer 43

Indicator words for inductive arguments

Question 44

Argument patterns that contain at least one if-then premise.

Answer 44

Conditional

Question 45

The first statement/if part in a conditional premise

Answer 45

antecedent

Question 46

The second statement/then part in a conditional premise

Answer 46

consequent

Question 47

Affirming the antecedent. If the premises are true, the conclusion absolutely must be true.

Answer 47

Modus ponens

Question 48

Denying the consequent. If the premises are true, the conclusion absolutely must be true. If p, then q. Not q Therefore, not p.

Answer 48

Modus tollens

Question 49

A conditional, deductive argument made up of three statements- two premises and a conclusion. If p, then q. If q, then r. Therefore, if p, then r.

Answer 49

Hypothetical syllogism

Question 50

A common conditional argument form that isn't valid. If p, then q. Not p. Therefore, not q.

Answer 50

Denying the antecedent.

Question 51

A common conditional argument form that isn't valid. If p, then q. Q. Therefore, p.

Answer 51

Affirming the consequent

Question 52

either p or q. Not p. Therefore, q.

Answer 52

Disjunctive syllogism

Question 53

A method used to check for validity by simply devising a parallel argument that has the same form as the argument you're evaluating but has obviously true premises and a false conclusion.

Answer 53

Counterexample method

Question 54

Offers support to a conclusion without the help of any other premises. If other premises are omitted or undermined in an argument, the support provided by the independent premise remains unchanged.

Answer 54

Independent premise

Question 55

Premises that depend on each other to jointly provide support to a conclusion. If either one is removed, the support that the remaining premise supplies is undermined or completely canceled out.

Answer 55

Dependent premises

Question 56

Huge collection of very well supported beliefs that we all rely on to inform our actions and choices.

Answer 56

Background information

Question 57

Someone who is more knowledgeable in a particular subject area or field than most others are.

Answer 57

Expert

Question 58

A fallacy committed when we rely on someone deemed to be an expert who isn't an expert for opinions.

Answer 58

Appeal to authority

Question 59

Argue what was, is, or will be

Answer 59

Factual claims

Question 60

Evaluate or judge something

Answer 60

Value claims

Question 61

To argue that something should be done

Answer 61

Policy claims

Question 62

A tool for analyzing arguments. Includes claims, grounds, warrants, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal.

Answer 62

The Toulmin Model

Question 63

Serves as an argument's foundation and justifies the main viewpoint. Answers the question "what information supports the claim?"

Answer 63

Grounds

Question 64

Serves as the connective tissue between the claim and grounds. Must draw on what an audience already knows.

Answer 64

Warrant

Question 65

Allows for special cases and helps establish credibility. Indicate the force or strength of the claim (or its limitations). Ex: Phrases such as... "in certain cases," "in all probability"

Answer 65

Qualifier

Question 66

Acknowledges the other side of the argument and persuades readers to ignore bias.

Answer 66

Rebuttal

Question 67

Broadly defined, arises from our senses, memory, and judgment involved in those faculties. It is our evidence that something is or is not the case.

Answer 67

Personal experience

Question 68

a kind of illusion in which the presence of a vague or ambiguous stimuli makes us perceive things that are not really there. Ex: Seeing ghosts or hearing Satanic messages when rock music is played backward.

Answer 68

Pareidolin