Hoofdstuk 11: Specific types of qualitative research

Question 1

What are the phases of clinical trials, explain

Answer 1

1. developing best treatment
   = after initial development of drug
   aim: determine safety, tolerance, optimal dose and best treatment
   ==> small scale
   2.Pilot test
   aim: to asses feasability, seek preliminary evidence of effectiveness, side effects & identify reimprovements
   ==> small scale /quasi experimental

3.RCT
= randomized treatment to groups under controlled conditions
aim: develop evidance about treatment efficacy (expected result under ideal circumstances)
==> large heterogenous sample, often from multiple sites

4. Effectiveness study
   aim: study effectiveness in general public –> external val., examine cost-effectiveness, long term consequences

Question 2

What are the three types of clinical trials ?

Answer 2

Superiority: hypothesis = more effective than control condition
Noninferiority: aim: test wether no worse then control condition
Equivalence: test if outcomes are equal

Question 3

What is evaluation research (4) ?

Answer 3

= develop information wether to adopt, modify or abondon a program, practice, procedure,…

1. process implementation:
   what: info about process of implementation
   aim: improving or describing so it can be replicated
2. outcome analysis:
   what: document extent to which goals are attained and pos. outcomes occur
3. impact analysis:
   what: assesing net impact
   aim: to permit causal inferences about program
4. cost analysis:
   what: determining if benefits outweigh costs (3)
   a) cost-benefit: benefets in monetary terms
   b) cost-effectiveness: cost of making an impact on health outcome
   c) cost-utility: QALYs

Question 4

What is survey research ?

Answer 4

aim: to obtain information about prevelance, distibution and interrelations of phenomena within population

-sample surveys census (everyone)
-self-reports
=extensive rather than intensive analysis
–> what peope do and what they plan to do

Question 5

Strenghts and weaknesses of face to face interv ?

Answer 5

v: high quality of info, low refusal
X: costly (time)

Question 6

Strenghts and weaknesses of telephone interv

Answer 6

V: less costly if short,specific and not too personal
X: respondents may be uncooperative, difficult to reach / difficult for certain groups

Question 7

Strenghts and weaknesses of questionaires

Answer 7

V: economical, online or postage
X: need for clear and simple questions / not for everyone

Question 8

Here are some other types of research summarized

Answer 8

• Secondary analysis: using old data to test new hypothesis
• Needs assesment: asses f standard services meet needs
• Delphi survey: panel of experts completing rounds of questions on a topic of intrest –> consensus
• Replication studies: duplicating findings in othet settings
• Methodologic studies: gather evidence about strategies of quality and rigorous research
• Quality improvement projects: improve practice and processes in specific organization or group