Hoofdstuk 2 Basic concepts Flashcards
What does EEG use to measure and what does MEG uses?
Also for what parients is MEG often used?
Elecetrodermal activity and magnetic fields. MEG can have a higher resolution and can more precisely identify the source of epileptic discharges in patients.
Name methods known as functional brain imaging
CT, MRI, PET, SPECT and fMRI
How does fMRI work?
Increasing neuronal activity requires more oxygen, creating a ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated blood, also known as the BOLD signal
When do you choose to use a CT scan and when a MRI scan?
CT = for acture head injury (skull fracture or bleeding)
MRI = chronic stages of head injury (white matter integrity)
Where does praxis refers to?
Refers to motor integration used to execute complex learned movements (praxis = skilled movements)
Where does apraxia refers to?
Dysfunctions due to a breakdown in the direction or execution of complex motor acts
What are the four major classes of cognitive functions according to Lezak?
- Receptive functions (select, acquire, classify and integrate)
- Memory and learning (information storage and retrieval)
- Thinking (mental organization)
- Expressive functions (emotions)
Where does ‘non-verbal’ in cognitive functions refer to?
Data that cannot be communicated in words or symbols, such as complex visual or sound patterns
What is the major problem with the construct of Spearman’s g?
It cannot account for theories of multiple intelligences and fails to incorporate emotional abilities and social intelligence
Impairments in perceptual integration is classically known as?
Agnosias (literally, no knowledge)
What is associative agnosia?
Failure of recognition from defectiev retrieval of knowledge pertinent to a given stimulus. Is unable to recognize a stimulus despite being able to percieve it normally
What is apperceptive agnosia?
Failure of intergration of otherwise normally percieves components of a stimulus. Fails to recognize a stimulus because the patient cannot intergrate the perceptual elements of a stimulus.
How do you describe declarative memory?
Involves a conscious and intentional recollection process and refers to information that can be brought to mind (facts or events)
What is iconic memory?
A fleeting visual image
What is echoic memory?
Auditory ‘replay’
Where does immediate memory refers to?
The first stage of short therm memory. Temporarily holds information retained from registration process (limited capacity)
What kind of memory describes long-term storage (so different from long term memory)
Memory that lasts from an hour or so to one or two days but is yet to be fixed as learned material
Where does long-term memory refers to?
(secondary memory) Refers to the organisms ability to store information (not stored in single local site but many cortical and subcortical centers)
Where do recent and remote memory refer to?
To autobiographical memories stored within the last few hours, day, weeks or monts
What is transient global amnesia?
The amnesia is limited to a fairly discrete period
What is anterograde amnesia?
The inability to acquire new infromation normally (biomarker for Alzheimers)
What is retrograde amnesia?
Loss of memory for events preceding the onset of brain injury
What are Recall and Recognition?
Recall involves an active, complex search process and Recognition is when a stimulus triggers awareness
What is Episodic memory and Semantic memory?
Episodic: memories are localizable in time and space (events)
Semantic: ‘timeless and spaceless’ knowledge (facts)
