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Hookworms Flashcards

1
Q

What are hookworms?

A

Hookworms are soil-transmitted helminths that are blood-sucking nematodes.

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2
Q

What are the two species of hookworms that infect humans?

A
  1. Necator americanus
  2. Ancylostoma duodenale
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3
Q

What are the common names for Necator americanus?

A

Common names include New World Hookworm, American Hookworm, and American murderer.

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4
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of Necator americanus?

A

It has semilunar cutting plates.

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5
Q

What is the common name for Ancylostoma duodenale?

A

The common name is Old World Hookworm.

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6
Q

How does Ancylostoma duodenale compare in size to Necator americanus?

A

It is slightly larger than N. americanus.

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7
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of Ancylostoma duodenale?

A

It has 2 pairs of teeth.

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8
Q

What is the term used for the group of parasites known as hookworms?

A

These two parasites are covered as a unit called ‘hookworms’ due to several similarities.

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9
Q

What are the causative agents of ‘creeping eruption’?

A
  1. Ancylostoma braziliense (Cat Hookworm)
  2. Ancylostoma caninum (Dog Hookworm)
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10
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of Ancylostoma braziliense?

A

It has 2 pairs of teeth.

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11
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of Ancylostoma caninum?

A

It has 3 pairs of teeth.

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12
Q

What is the diagnostic stage of Intestinal Hookworm?

A

Egg/Larvae

Eggs in feces.

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13
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Intestinal Hookworm?

A

Skin Penetration (main)

Larvae penetrate skin, typically through bare feet.

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14
Q

What is the infective stage of Intestinal Hookworm?

A

L3/Non-feeding Filariform Larva.

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15
Q

What happens to larvae after they penetrate the skin?

A

Larvae exit circulation and migrate to the lungs.

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16
Q

What occurs in the lungs after larvae migrate there?

A

They are coughed up and swallowed back into the intestine.

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17
Q

How many eggs do adult female Intestinal Hookworms lay per day?

A

10,000 to 20,000 eggs/day.

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18
Q

What are the two types of Ancylostomiasis?

A

Necatoriasis: purely percutaneous; Ancylostomiasis: both percutaneous and oral route.

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19
Q

What is the life cycle of Intestinal Hookworm?

A

Larvae penetrate skin, migrate to lungs, are coughed up, swallowed, and mature in the intestine.

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20
Q

What is the role of the CDC in relation to Intestinal Hookworm?

A

Provides information and guidelines on prevention and treatment.

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21
Q

Where are eggs shed?

A

Eggs are shed in stool.

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22
Q

Where do rhabditiform larvae emerge?

A

Rhabditiform larvae emerge in soil.

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23
Q

What happens after two moltings of larvae?

A

The third-stage infective filariform larvae can begin a new cycle.

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24
Q

What percentage of the world’s population is infected with hookworm?

A

25% of the world’s population is infected with hookworm.

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25
What is the distribution of hookworm species in the Philippines?
97% N. americanus, 1% A. duodenale, 2% mixed infections.
26
Where is human hookworm infection more prevalent?
Local distribution is greater in agricultural areas.
27
What are the clinical symptoms of hookworm disease?
Asymptomatic, anclyostomiasis, necatoriasis.
28
What is ground itch?
Intense allergic itching at the penetration site.
29
What are some respiratory symptoms of hookworm infection?
Sore throat, bloody sputum, wheezing, mild pneumonia with cough.
30
How does pneumonitis compare with other infections?
Decreased sensitization compared with A. lumbricoides and S. stercoralis.
31
What are the symptoms of mild infection?
Mild gastrointestinal symptoms, slight anemia, weight loss, weakness.
32
What are the symptoms of acute infection?
Diarrhea, anorexia, edema, pain, enteritis, epigastric discomfort.
33
What complications can arise from hookworm infection?
Microcytic hypochromic anemia, iron deficiency, weakness, hypoproteinemia, possible mortality from blood loss.
34
Which hookworm species causes greater blood loss?
A. duodenale causes greater blood loss per worm per day compared with N. americanus.
35
How is hookworm infection diagnosed?
Recovery of eggs in stool sample.
36
What is the value of direct fecal smear (DFS)?
DFS is of value only when the infection is quite heavy.
37
What method increases detection rates of hookworm eggs?
Kato thick or Kato-Katz method increases detection rates.
38
Where are eggs shed?
Eggs are shed in stool.
39
Where do rhabditiform larvae emerge?
Rhabditiform larvae emerge in soil.
40
What happens after two moltings of larvae?
The third-stage infective filariform larvae can begin a new cycle.
41
What percentage of the world's population is infected with hookworm?
25% of the world's population is infected with hookworm.
42
What is the distribution of hookworm species in the Philippines?
97% N. americanus, 1% A. duodenale, 2% mixed infections.
43
Where is human hookworm infection more prevalent?
Local distribution is greater in agricultural areas.
44
What are the clinical symptoms of hookworm disease?
Asymptomatic, anclyostomiasis, necatoriasis.
45
What is ground itch?
Intense allergic itching at the penetration site.
46
What are some respiratory symptoms of hookworm infection?
Sore throat, bloody sputum, wheezing, mild pneumonia with cough.
47
How does pneumonitis compare with other infections?
Decreased sensitization compared with A. lumbricoides and S. stercoralis.
48
What are the symptoms of mild infection?
Mild gastrointestinal symptoms, slight anemia, weight loss, weakness.
49
What are the symptoms of acute infection?
Diarrhea, anorexia, edema, pain, enteritis, epigastric discomfort.
50
What complications can arise from hookworm infection?
Microcytic hypochromic anemia, iron deficiency, weakness, hypoproteinemia, possible mortality from blood loss.
51
Which hookworm species causes greater blood loss?
A. duodenale causes greater blood loss per worm per day compared with N. americanus.
52
How is hookworm infection diagnosed?
Recovery of eggs in stool sample.
53
What is the value of direct fecal smear (DFS)?
DFS is of value only when the infection is quite heavy.
54
What method increases detection rates of hookworm eggs?
Kato thick or Kato-Katz method increases detection rates.
55
What are concentration methods used for?
Increase in sensitivity.
56
What is a molecular method for detection?
PCR-based.
57
What does ELISA stand for?
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay.
58
What are culture methods for?
Used for organism identification, specifically Harada-Mori method.
59
How are larvae hatched from eggs in culture methods?
On strips of filter paper with one end immersed in water.
60
What is necessary to determine specific hookworm?
Recovery and examination of buccal cavity are necessary.
61
What is the drug of choice for hookworm treatment?
Albendazole.
62
What are alternative drugs for hookworm treatment?
Mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate.
63
What is the mechanism of action (MOA) of these drugs?
Block the uptake of glucose by most intestinal and tissue nematodes.
64
What is recommended for prevention and control of hookworms?
Iron supplementation.
65
What are the characteristics of Ucec iter?
Similar to those of A. lumbricoides.
66
What is a PCR technique used for?
Detection of Strongyloides stercoralis.
67
What is a significant concern in vaccine development?
Drug resistance.

NEMATODES (8 decks)

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