Hopsital Medicine Flashcards
(40 cards)
What existed in the Middle Ages?
Many small hospitals - both for the sick and those in need (the poor)
What was the first specialised institution?
Leporosias in the Middle Ages; care as much spiritual as physical
E.g. St Mary Magdalene, Hampshire
At least 320 established between C11th and C14th (Many destroyed by Henry VIII’s Dissolution of the Monasteries - religious influence on medicine)
Also affected by Black Death - increasing fear of contagion
What was leprosy believed to be in the Middle Ages
Punishment from God; because sufferers were enduring purgatory on earth, they were believed to be closer to God; thus helping them became desirable
Name some early hospitals
St Barthlomew’s 1123
St Thomas’, early C12th
To care for sick poor
What functions did early hospitals have?
Polticial, religious, and socioeconomic functions - for patients, doctors and patrons
What does Waddington argue that early hospitals did?
‘helped enforce traditional social hierarchies…social rather than medical needs’ – elite used them to maintain their prestige and that of their towns
How many new hospitals were established in C18th London?
5
Why did demand for hospitals increase in the C18th
Demands of industrialisation and urbanisation
TB and typhoid common in cities
Increasing geographic mobility reduced family care
How were hospitals founded in C18th?
Sometimes by laymen
Usually charitably funded, by religious or political groups
Admission to hospitals C18th
‘Admission ticket’ system - need for benefactor, moral basis
Middle and upper classes NOT treated in hospitals but at home
Care provided for free, but with strict rules and work for patient
When did creation of specialist hospitals begin?
Mid-C18th - e.g. smallpox hosptials. Usually created by medical men, not laymen
When did dispensaries begin to be made?
1770s - worked alongside hospitals
Who suggests that hospital medicine arose out of revoutionary Paris?
Ackernecht - 1789-99 French Revolution
What does Fissell suggest changed patient/practitioner relationships?
Diagnosis within hospitals
What did hospital medicine provide?
Opportunity for statistics, experimentation, medical research
Reflected change from individualised to popular medicine (emphasis on what works for the majority)
Place of teaching for doctors (impact on professionalisation)
How did the rise in surgery aid the rise of the hospital?
Need for specialised spaces - e.g. operating theatres, anesthetic, pre and post surgery care
What increased the surgery success rate?
Antisepsis and asepsis; reduced hospital fever thus popularising hospitals
Specialised conditions in hospital also helped increase success rates
When did hospitals begin to have dedicated laboratories?
1850s
When did X-Rays begin to be included in hospitals?
1895
What happened to funding in the 1870s?
Increasing number of patients paid for themselves; insurance schemes and work/society schemes
Hospitals began to lose their charity status - increasing popularity
However this meant patient had arguably more autonomy
When was the first Cottage Hospital founded?
1859 in Surrey - patients paid for treatment, often small and rural; became more popular as middle/upper class sought hospital treatment
How many specialist institutions were in London alone by the 1860s
66 in London alone - trend towards specialisation; reflects specialisation of knowledge (depth?)
Who established a nursing school and when?
1860s Florence Nightingale
1893 Nightingale Pledge
When did Laennec invent the stethoscope?
1819
