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Biology: Module 5: Communication, Homeostasis and Energy > Hormonal Communication > Flashcards

Hormonal Communication Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Hormone

A

Molecule released by endocrine glands directly into the blood to act as chemical messengers to carry a signal to target cells

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2
Q

Endocrine Gland

A

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood due to the capillaries running through them

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3
Q

Exocrine Gland

A

Gland that secretes enzymes into a duct that leads to the duodenum in the pancreas

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4
Q

Target Cell

A

Cells that have specific receptors in their membrane that the hormones are complementary in shape to.

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5
Q

Types of hormone

A

Steroid based, non-steroid based

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6
Q

How are steroid based hormones detected?

A

Hormone passes through phospholipid bilayer of cell, bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus to form a hormone-receptor complex, complex acts as a transcription factor that can facilitate or inhibit the transcription of a gene

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7
Q

How are non-steroid based hormones detected?

A

Original hormone acts as a first messenger, binds to receptor in the plasma membrane, activates secondary messenger, secondary messenger can trigger events in the cell

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8
Q

Example of secondary messenger

A

cAMP

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9
Q

Why are steroid based hormones detected in the way they are?

A

They are lipid soluble

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10
Q

Why are non-steroid based hormones detected in the way they are?

A

They are hydrophilic so can’t get through the phospholipid bilayer

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11
Q

Examples of endocrine glands

A

Thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, testis, pineal, thymus, pancreas, ovary

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12
Q

Name and function of hormone secreted by thyroid gland

A

Thyroxine, controls rate of metabolism and rate that glucose is used up in respiration

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13
Q

Name and function of a hormone secreted by pituitary gland

A

ADH, increases reabsorption of water in the kidneys

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14
Q

Name and function of hormone secreted by adrenal gland

A

Adrenaline, increases heart and breathing rate for the fight and flight response

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15
Q

Name and function of hormone secreted by testis

A

Testosterone, controls sperm production

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16
Q

Name and function of hormone secreted by pineal gland

A

Melatonin, control of daily cycle

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17
Q

Name and function of hormone secreted by thymus gland

A

Thymosin, promotes production and maturation of white blood cells

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18
Q

Name and function of hormone secreted by pancreas

A

Insulin, converts excess glucose into glycogen in the liver

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19
Q

Name and function of hormone secreted by ovary

A

Oestrogen, controls ovulation

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20
Q

Structure of adrenal gland

A

Made of adrenal cortex and medulla, cortex is the outer region, medulla is the inner region

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21
Q

Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens

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22
Q

Examples of glucocorticoids with their functions

A

Cortisol to regulate metabolism and regulate blood pressure, corticosterone to regulate immune response and suppress inflammatory reactions

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23
Q

Examples of mineralocorticoids with their functions

A

Aldosterone to control blood pressure by maintaining the pressure between salt and water

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24
Q

What controls the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hypothalamus, hormones released from the pituitary gland

25
What controls the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla?
Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
26
Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla
Adrenaline, noradrenaline
27
Role of noradrenaline
Works with adrenaline to increase heart rate, widen pupils and air passages in the lungs and narrow blood vessels in non-essential organs
28
Type of glandular tissue in the pancreas
Endocrine, exocrine
29
What does the exocrine tissue in the pancreas make?
Amylases, proteases, lipases, pancreatic juice
30
How does the exocrine tissue in the pancreas function?
Products secreted into a duct that leads to the pancreatic duct which goes to the duodenum
31
What does the endocrine tissue in the pancreas make?
Insulin, glucagon
32
Where is the endocrine tissue in the pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans
33
What do Islets of Langerhans look like under a microscope?
Large spherical clusters, stained light pink
34
Different types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans
Alpha, beta
35
What do acinar cells look like?
Berry-like clusters
36
What do alpha cells make?
Glucagon
37
What do beta cells make?
Insulin
38
How to differentiate between alpha and beta cells?
Differential stain, beta cells are stained blue, alpha cells are stained pink
39
Glycogenolysis
When glycogen is broken down in liver and muscle cells to release glucose into the bloodstream
40
Gluconeogenesis
Production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
41
Glycogenesis
The production of glycogen
42
How does insulin regulate blood glucose concentration?
Increase detected by beta cells in Islets of Langerhans, insulin secreted into the bloodstream, binds to glycoprotein receptors, increases the rate of absorption of glucose by cells, increases the respiratory rate, glycogenesis, increases rate of glucose to fat conversion, inhibits glucagon release, decreases blood glucose concentration
43
How does insulin increase the rate of absorption of glucose by cells?
Binding to the receptor changes the tertiary structure of the glucose transport protein channels, allows more glucose to enter the cell
44
How does insulin increase the respiratory rate?
Activates enzymes
45
Where does negative feedback come in with insulin?
Decrease in blood glucose concentration detected by beta cells, insulin secretion reduced
46
How does glucagon regulate blood glucose concentration?
Decrease in blood glucose concentration detected by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans, secrete glucagon, glucagon binds to receptors on liver and fat cells, increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, reduces the amount of glucose absorbed by the liver cells
47
What kind of hormone are insulin and glucagon?
Antagonistic
48
Process of the control of insulin secretion
Blood glucose concentration rises, glucose enters beta cell by a glucose transporter, glucose metabolised in respiration to produce ATP, ATP binds to potassium channels, ATP-sensitive potassium channels close, membrane depolarises, voltage-gated calcium channels open, calcium ions enter the cell and cause the secretory vesicles to release insulin by exocytosis
49
Cause of type 1 diabetes
Beta cells of the islets are unable to produce insulin, could be caused by an autoimmune response where the cells of the immune system attack the beta cells
50
Cause of type 2 diabetes
Excess body weight, physical inactivity, habitual overeating of refined carbohydrates, cells can't use insulin because the beta cells can't produce enough insulin or the body cells don't respond to insulin
51
Treatment of type 1 diabetes
Regular testing of blood glucose concentration using prick test (*Sniggers*), adjust insulin injections according to results, no prevention or cure
52
Treatment of type 2 diabetes
Diet, match carbohydrate intake to exercise, more exercise, drugs to stimulate insulin production or slow down glucose absorption from the small intestine
53
Issues of insulin obtained from animals
Expensive, extracted insulin is slightly different to human insulin so allergic reactions are possible
54
Alternatives to getting insulin from animals
Genetically modified bacteria, stem cells, pancreas transplants, beta cell transplants
55
Advantages of getting insulin from genetically modified bacteria
Purer form, fewer allergic reactions, more produced, cheaper, lack of religious or ethical issues
56
Disadvantages of pancreas transplants
Demand outweighs availability, immunosuppressant drugs
57
Disadvantage of beta cell transplants
Immunosuppressant drugs still required which increase the metabolic demand on insulin-producing cells
58
Advantages of stem cell treatments
No donor availability, reduced likelihood of rejection problems as embryonic stem cells are less likely to be rejected, no injections
59
Disadvantages of stem cell treatments
Ethical and religious issues, controlling growth and differentiation is hard so tumours might develop

Biology: Module 5: Communication, Homeostasis and Energy (7 decks)

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