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Exercise Physiology > Hormonal Control and Exercise > Flashcards

Hormonal Control and Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of the Endocrine System

A
  • all tissues and glands that secrete hormones
  • hormones are often transported to specific target cells
  • almost all cells and systems in the body are impacted by endocrine function
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2
Q

Autocrine

A

a cell targets itself

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3
Q

Signaling Across Gap Junctions

A

a cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions

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4
Q

Paracrine

A

a cell targets a nearby cell

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5
Q

Endocrine

A

a cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream

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6
Q

Types of hormones

A

steroid and nonsteroid

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7
Q

Characteristics of Steroid Hormones

A
  • lipid soluble
  • most are derived from cholesterol
  • includes reproductive hormones, cortisol, aldosterone
  • receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus
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8
Q

Characteristics of Nonsteroid Hormones

A
  • not lipid soluble
  • amino acid derived hormones
  • protein/peptide hormones
  • have receptors on the cell wall
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9
Q

Amino Acid Derived Hormones

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroxine, triiodothyronine

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10
Q

Protein/Peptide Hormones

A

all other nonsteroid hormones

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11
Q

Process of Nonsteroid Hormones

A

can’t pass through cell membrane -> hormone binds to a specific receptor on the cell membrane -> hormone-receptor complex activates adenylate cyclase within the cell membrane -> the adenylate cyclase catalyzes the formation of cAMP -> the cAMP activates protein kinases (enzymes) that lead to cellular changes and hormonal effects
(binds to receptor -> intracellular second messenger activation)

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12
Q

What does lipid soluble mean for the ability to cross a cell membrane?

A

can cross the membrane easier (membrane is a phospholipid bilayer)

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13
Q

What type of activation do steroid hormones work through?

A

direct gene activation

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14
Q

How does direct gene activation work?

A

binds to cells DNA -> mRNA synthesizes in the nucleus -> protein synthesis

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15
Q

What might proteins be? (dependent on what they are needed for)

A
  • enzymes (for cellular processes)
  • structural proteins (tissues growth repair)
  • regulatory proteins (alter enzyme function)
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16
Q

Process of Steroid Hormones

A

enters the cell -> hormone binds to a specific receptor in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus -> hormone receptor complex activates that cell’s DNA, which forms mRNA -> mRNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm -> mRNA directs protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

17
Q

Characteristics of cAMP

A
  • activates cellular enzymes
  • changes membrane permeability
  • promotes protein synthesis
  • changes cell metabolism
  • changes cell secretions
18
Q

Characteristics of Prostaglandins

A
  • form third class of (pseudo)hormones
  • are derived from arachidonic acid
  • act as local hormones (autocrine)
19
Q

What do local hormones (autocrine) do?

A
  • mediate inflammatory response
  • sensitize free nerve endings
20
Q

How does the system work?

A

hormones are released in an irregularly timed bursts or over long cycles (often occurs through a negative feedback loop)

21
Q

The Negative Feedback Loop

A

plasma glucose levels high (signal for hormone release) -> insulin released (hormone is released) -> glucose level decrease (effect on the body) -> plasma glucose levels high…(continue process again)

22
Q

Cell Sensitivity to Hormones

A
  • plasma concentration does no equal activity
  • cell downregulated or desensitized
  • cell can also become upregulated or sensitive
23
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland

A

thyrotropin (TSH), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) (also has growth hormone as a strong anabolic agent)

24
Q

Characteristics of the Growth Hormone

A
  • stimulates protein anabolism
  • stimulates fat metabolism
  • increases during exercise
25
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

26
Q

Characteristics of T3 and T4

A
  • important regulators of metabolism
  • greatly increase metabolism
  • release of these hormones are controlled by TSH
27
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

release of catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and corticosteroid (cortisol)

28
Q

What happens when the adrenal medulla is stimulated?

A
  • 80% secretion is epinephrine and 20% is norepinephrine
  • have similar effect to sympathetic nervous system
  • lasts longer than SNS stimulation
29
Q

Characteristics of Cortisol

A
  • stimulates gluconeogenesis to increase supply
  • mobilizes FFAs
  • decreases glucose use (spares for the brain)
  • stimulates protein catabolism
30
Q

Pancreas

A

regulates insulin and glucagon (play a huge role in glucose control)

31
Q

Hyperglycemic

A

insulin levels increase

32
Q

What happens when insulin levels increase?

A
  • facilitates glucose transport into cells
  • promotes gluconeogenesis
  • inhibits gluconeogenesis
33
Q

Hypoglycemic

A

glucagon levels increase

34
Q

What happens when glucagon levels increase?

A
  • promotes glycogenolysis
  • increases gluconeogenesis
35
Q

What happens to insulin and glucagon during exercise?

A

insulin decreases and glucagon increases

36
Q

Why does glucagon increase during exercise?

A

glucose availability goes down during exercise so glucagon is needed to raise blood sugar (blood sugar is broken down during exercise)

37
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

liver and muscles

38
Q

What is the process of making glucose from proteins called?

A

gluconeogenesis

39
Q

How does an increase in intensity impact hormone release?

A

increase catecholamine/glucagon response = increase glucose release

Exercise Physiology (3 decks)

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