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Exercise Physiology > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of myocardium

A
  • can undergo hypertrophy from aerobic or resistance training, and disease
  • fibers connected by intercalated disks
  • 1 fiber type (similar to type 1)
  • works via calcium induced calcium release
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2
Q

How does the blood flow through the heart?

A
  1. enters through the SVC/IVC into the right atrium
  2. tricuspid valve opens and fills the right ventricle
  3. right ventricle pumps blood through pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary arteries
  4. blood picks up oxygen in the alveolus of the lungs
  5. blood flows through the pulmonary veins and into the left left atrium
  6. mitral valve opens and blood flows into the left ventricle
  7. left ventricle pumps the blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta and throughout the body
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3
Q

What is the purpose of the heart valves?

A

prevent backflow

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4
Q

What is a murmur?

A

slight backflow of blood in the heart

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5
Q

What node initiates signal

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

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6
Q

What node delays signal?

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

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7
Q

What are the steps of the electrical conduction system?

A
  1. SA node initiates signal
  2. signal passes through atria stimulating contraction
  3. AV node delays signal
  4. the bundle of HIS ferries the sign signal through skeleton to interventricular septum
  5. right and left branches convey signal to apex
  6. purkinje fibers carry signal up through ventricles stimulating contraction from the bottom upward
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8
Q

What is sinus rhythm and the value of sinus rhythm?

A

SA node rhythm (~100 bpm)

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9
Q

How long does the AV node delay the signal?

A

~ 0.13 seconds

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10
Q

How much faster does the purkinje fibers transmit signals?

A

~ 6x faster than the rest of the system

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11
Q

Where does the parasympathetic originate?

A

medulla oblongata

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12
Q

How does a signal through the parasympathetic reach the heart?

A

vagus nerve

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13
Q

Process of signal from parasympathetic to heart

A
  1. vagues nerve
  2. SA & AV nodes
  3. ACh release
  4. hyperpolarization of conduction cells
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14
Q

What would our resting heart rate be without vagal tone?

A

100 bpm (average resting is between 60 and 80 bpm)

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15
Q

What happens to depolarization with the sympathetic nervous system?

A

increases

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16
Q

When is the sympathetic nerve activated (bpm)?

A

100 bpm

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17
Q

What are the two catecholamines?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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18
Q

What system causes the release of catecholamines?

A

sympathetic nervous system

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19
Q

With training, the autonomic neural hypothesis states?

A

parasympathetic signaling (vagal tone)

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20
Q

With training, the intrinsic rate hypothesis states?

A

SA node intrinsic rate decreases

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21
Q

Equation for cardiac output

A

CO = stroke volume * heart rate

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22
Q

Equation for stroke volume

A

SV = end diastolic volume - end systolic volume

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23
Q

Equation for ejection fraction

A

EF = (end diastolic volume - end systolic volume) / end diastolic volume

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24
Q

What is the average normal value for cardiac output?

A

4.2 - 5.6 L/min

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25
Q

What is the average normal value for stroke volume?

A

60 - 80 ml/beat

26
Q

What is the average normal value for ejection fraction?

A

60%

27
Q

What is the heart’s primary function?

A

pump blood throughout the body

28
Q

Where is the site of most sympathetic blood pressure control?

A

arterioles

29
Q

Where is the site of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange?

A

capillaries

30
Q

What carries blood away from the heart?

A

arteries

31
Q

What carries blood to the heart?

A

veins

32
Q

Equation for Mean Arterial Pressure

A

MAP = (2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP) or DBP + (0.333 * (SBP - DBP))

33
Q

Equation for Pulse Pressure

A

SBP - DBP

34
Q

What does blood flow rely on?

A

pressure gradient

35
Q

How is the pressure gradient maintained?

A

vessel resistance

36
Q

Equation for resistance

A

blood viscosity (n) 8 length of vessel (L) / radius^4 (r)

37
Q

What is viscosity?

A

thickness (blood viscosity = blood thickness)

38
Q

Equation for blood flow

A

pressure / resistance

39
Q

What are the byproducts of metabolism that stimulate vasodilation?

A

carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H+), lactate, potassium (K+)

40
Q

What is released from alpha motor neurons during contractions?

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

41
Q

What releases with pressure on the walls, but go right back to where they got released?

A

prostaglandins

42
Q

What are dilator substances from endothelium?

A

nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF)

43
Q

What does smooth muscle do when the pressure increases?

A

contracts (relaxes with decreased pressure)

44
Q

What factors help with blood flow control?

A

extrinsic regulation, metabolic regulation, dilator substance from endothelium, myogenic response

45
Q

What nervous system response is extrinsic regulation?

A

sympathetic

46
Q

What nervous system is activated when muscles contract?

A

sympathetic

47
Q

What is functional sympatholysis?

A

turning off sympathetic activity

48
Q

The sympathetic activity is turned off by an upregulation of what?

A

nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin I2 (PGI2)

49
Q

What is activated when blood flow is reduced (vasoconstriction) due to muscle contraction?

A

functional sympatholysis

50
Q

What are the baroreceptors?

A

aortic arch and carotid arteries

51
Q

What do chemoreceptors do?

A

sense change in chemical environment

52
Q

What do mechanoreceptors do?

A

sense change in muscle length and tension (important during exercise)

53
Q

Where is most blood stored?

A

veins

54
Q

What is a muscle pump?

A

mechanical compression of veins during skeletal muscle contractions

55
Q

What is a respiratory pump?

A

pressure changes in abdominal and thoracic cavity during breathing create a pressure gradient

56
Q

What does oxygen bind to?

A

hemoglobin (more specifically the heme)

57
Q

What does carbon dioxide bind to?

A

globin (the protein of hemoglobin)

58
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

formed element

59
Q

How many hemoglobin are in a single red blood cell?

A

250 million

60
Q

What are the steps to the electrical conduction system of the heart?

A
  1. sinoatrial (SA) node initiates signal
  2. signal passes through atria stimulating contraction
  3. atrioventricular (AV) node delays signal
  4. the bundle of His ferries the signal through fibrous skeleton to interventricular septum
  5. right and left branches convey signal to apex
  6. purkinje fibers carry signal up through ventricles, stimulating contraction from the bottom upward

Exercise Physiology (3 decks)

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