Hormonal coordination

Question 1

What does the endocrine system do?

Answer 1

Coordinates the body’s response to changes in the environment using chemical messengers (hormones). Hormones are released by glands into the bloodstream where they travel to target organs.

Question 2

Where is the Thyroid gland located?

Answer 2

• This gland is in our neck and releases thyroxine.

- Thyroxine regulates our metabolism, heart rate and temperature.

Question 3

What do the ovaries produce?

Answer 3

Oestrogen, which controls puberty and is one of the main hormones in the regulation of the menstrual.

Question 4

What do the testes produce?

Answer 4

Testosterone, which controls puberty and sperm production.

Question 5

Describe where the pituitary gland located and what is its function?

Answer 5

It is found in the brain and is linked to the part of the brain that receives signals from receptors. The pituitary gland releases hormones in response to changes detected by the hypothalamus.

Question 6

The pituitary gland is the main _____ gland or “master gland”.

Answer 6

Endocrine

Question 7

What is the hormonal function of the pancreas?

Answer 7

The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, both of which are involved in regulating blood glucose levels.

Question 8

The two adrenal glands are situated above each _____.

Answer 8

Kidney

Question 9

What do the adrenal glands produce?

Answer 9

They produce adrenaline, which triggers the ‘flight or fight’ response when an organism is presented with a dangerous situation.

Question 10

What are the main properties of the Endocrine (hormonal) system?

Answer 10

• Triggers a slow response
• Uses chemical messengers that are carried by blood.
• Response can be long-lasting
• Can act on large areas of the body

Question 11

What are the main properties of the central nervous system?

Answer 11

• Triggers rapid response
• Uses electrical
• Response is very short
• Acts on a very precise part of the body

Question 12

What is thyroxine?

Answer 12

The main hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. It increases the resting metabolic rate.

Question 13

How is the production of thyroxine regulated by negative feedback?

Answer 13

When the concentration of thyroid hormones, such as thyroxine, in the blood us low, the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (THS) is increased. This stimulates the secretion of thyroxine by the thyroid gland.
When the concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood is high. THS production is decreased.

Question 14

What is the purpose of thyroxine?

Answer 14

It is responsible for regulating the growth and brain development of young animals.

Question 15

What are the different functions of adrenaline?

Answer 15

• Fight or flight
• Heart rate and blood pressure (Adrenaline increases heart rate and blood pressure, and dilates the pupils in our eyes).
• Lungs (Adrenaline enlarges the air passages of the lungs and alters metabolism in order to boost the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and the muscles.)

Question 16

What happens when we don’t have enough glucose?

Answer 16

• Glucose is important for respiration.
• Respiration releases the energy needed by every living cell.
• If there is not enough glucose, an organism cannot produce enough energy.

Question 17

What happens when glucose levels are too high?

Answer 17

If blood glucose levels are too high, this can have a negative impact on osmosis(movement of water between cells) bby affecting concentration gradients.

Question 18

What is excess glucose in the body converted into?

Answer 18

Glycogen

Question 19

Which organ helps to restore our glucose levels to normal when they fluctuate?

Answer 19

Liver

Question 20

In type 1 diabetes, sufferers are unable to produce enough ____

Answer 20

insulin

Question 21

In type 2 diabetes, sufferers can still produce insulin…

Answer 21

…but their body no longer responds to it.

Question 22

When do Type 1 diabetes develop?

Answer 22

During childhood.

Question 23

How do we treat type 1?

Answer 23

The main treatment is to inject insulin when blood glucose levels rise too high.
Sufferers can also manage their diet and exercise regularly to keep blood glucose levels as steady as possible.

Question 24

When do type 2 diabetes usually develop?

Answer 24

Later in life

Question 25

What are the two primary risk factors of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 25

Old age and being overweight

Question 26

How do we treat type 2 diabetes?

Answer 26

Sufferers manage must manage their diet and exercise regularly to keep blood glucose levels steady.

Question 27

What does insulin enable?

Answer 27

Insulin enables glucose in the blood to be taken into cells in the body.

Question 28

When is insulin released?

Answer 28

When the level of glucose in the blood is high, insulin is released to lower the blood-glucose level.

Question 29

How does insulin lower the blood-glucose level?

Answer 29

It achieves this by enabling some of the glucose to be absorbed by cells for use in respiration, and any excess to be stored in the liver as glycogen.

Question 30

What happens when the blood-glucose is too low?

Answer 30

The pancreas produces glucagon. This tells the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood.