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BIOLOGY PAPER 2 > Hormonal Coordination In Humans > Flashcards

Hormonal Coordination In Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the endocrine system work and what is it

A

It is a group of half a that secrete hormones directly into the blood. Hormones are proteins, which are large chemical molecules. Hormones travel in the blood until they reach their target organ.

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2
Q

Where are the adrenal glands found

A

Above the kidneys

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3
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found

A

In the front on the neck below the Adam’s apple. It is butterfly- shaped with two lobes

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4
Q

Function of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

A

Controls the release of hormones from your thyroid gland

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5
Q

What is the function of adrenaline

A

Prepares the body to fight or flight (run away)

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6
Q

Function of insulin (and glucagon)

A

Insulin increases (and glucagon decreases) the conversion of blood glucose to glycogen.

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7
Q

Function of thyroid hormones (e.g. thyroxine)

A

Control how quickly you use energy, and your overall metabolic rate.

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8
Q

Function of oestrogen

A

Controls puberty and the menstrual cycle in females

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9
Q

Function of testosterone

A

Control puberty in males and stimulates the production of sperm

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10
Q

Target organ for thyroid hormones such as thyroxine

A

Various target organs

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11
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

In the brain near the centre of the skull

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12
Q

How big is the pituitary

A

About the size of a pea

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13
Q

What is pituitary gland often referred to and why

A

The ‘master gland’ because it secretes a lot of different hormones including some that ‘turn on’ other glands and allow them to be more stimulated such as the production of TSH allowing thyroxine to be produced from the thyroid.

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14
Q

What gland secretes hormones that help control growth and blood pressure

A

Pituitary gland

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15
Q

Examples of hormones the pituitary gland secretes

A

TSH, FSH (in women) , LH (in women).

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16
Q

How does sugar get into our blood

A

After you eat a meal, carbohydrase enzymes break down carbohydrates into sugars, which are absorbed through villi into your bloodstream.

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17
Q

How does our blood glucose levels fluctuate throughout the day

A

Many people eat three meals a day. So there will be three times when lots of glucose from their food rushes into their bloodstream so there will high blood glucose levels. However before their meal, there are times when your blood glucose is likely to be low because your cells have been respiring.

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18
Q

How do we regulate blood glucose levels back down after a meal.

A

After we eat a meal, our blood glucose level rises. The pancreas detects this and produces a hormone called insulin, which is released into the bloodstream and reaches its target organ, the liver. The liver cells then absorb the glucose from the bloodstream and start to turn the excess glucose into an insoluble larger molecule called glycogen. the formation of glycogen also occurs in your muscles. Its formation reduces your blood glucose concentrations back to normal.

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19
Q

How do we regulate our blood glucose concentration if it is too low

A

If you hve not had a meal in a while, your blood glucose levels could be relatively low. If this occurs, the pancreas detects this and produces a hormone called glucagons this travels in your blood to your liver and muscles, where it converts the insoluble glycogen back into glucose. This is released into your blood to return your blood glucose concentrations to normal.

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20
Q

What is negative feedback

A

A homeostatic mechanism by which the body detects a change and makes an adjustment to return itself to normal

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21
Q

Is diabetes a non-communicable disease

A

Yes

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22
Q

In which people does type 1 diabetes usually develop in

A

Younger people

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23
Q

What occurs in type 1 diabetes

A

The insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed therefore preventing the production of insulin. This happens because the sufferers immune system mistakenly makes antibodies to attack and destroy these cells. Without these cells the blood glucose concentration of diabetic people can quickly and easily rise to harmful levels, which can be fatal and lead to a coma

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24
Q

What do type 1 diabetics often do to help reduce their blood glucose

A

They usually inject insulin after a meal. They usually test their blood glucose level after a meal. It they have a high blood glucose concentration they will need to inject a greater volume of insulin.

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25
Two ways type 1 diabetics help keep their blood glucose low excluding injecting insulin
By reducing the sugar in their diet and exercising regularly. Reducing sugar intake means they need to inject less insulin and exercise increases the amount of glucose that is used by their muscle cells for respiration.
26
Is there a cure for diabetes
No
27
When does type 2 diabetes often develop
In later life
28
Cause of type 2 diabet s
People with type 2 diabetes cannot produce enough insulin or if they can their liver and muscle cells won’t respond to it:
29
Why is the number it cases of type 2 diabetes rising
Partly because the number of older people is increasing as people are generally living longer.
30
What are some risk factors for type 2 diabetes
Obesity Physical inactivity Unhealthy diet
31
Why is injecting insulin not a treatment for people with type 2 diabetes
Because the liver and muscle cells of many people with type 2 diabetes do not respond to insulin.
32
How do people with type 2 diabetes control their blood glucose concentrations
By eating a balanced, healthy diet and by exercising regularly.
33
Example of successful person with type 1 diabetes
Sir Steven Redgrave - he won 5 Olympic medals for rowing
34
What are the women’s sex hormones
Oestrogen and progesterone
35
Examples of female secondary sex characteristics
Growth of breast Hips widen for childbirth Growth of facial and underarm hair Growth of pubic hair Growth spurt
36
Examples of male secondary sex characteristics
Increased growth of testes and penis Increased muscle mass and broadening of shoulders Growth of facial and underarm hair Growth of pubic hair Growth spurt Deepening of voice
37
Where is LH and FSH produced
The pituitary gland
38
Where is oestrogen and progesterone produced
Ovaries - oestrogen Corpus luteum - progesterone
39
What is menopause
The point in a woman’s life, usually between 45 and 55, when she stops menstruating and therefore cannot become pregnant.
40
What happens to men instead of menopause as they grow older
They are often able to produce sperm for much longer than women can release eggs. But older men produce less testosterone than younger ones and their sperm become less able to fertilise an ovum.
41
Timeline just of hormones in menstrual cycle and what they inhibit and prohibit
28 day cycle: Days 1-4: FSH starts rising, it inhibits oestrogen production. Day 5-13: FSH rising and oestrogen rising steadily and it inhibits FSH and stimulates LH. Day 14: Oestrogen peaks, LH very high and stimulates progesterone, FSH drops, Day 15-28: progesterone increases which inhibits FSH and LH, oestrogen also moderately Increases
42
Function of FSH
Causes an ovum to mature in the ovary. Stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
43
Function of oestrogen
Causes the uterus lining to thicken if first half of the cycle High oestrogen concentration switches off release of FSH and switches on release of LH
44
Function of LH
Stimulates ovulation (release of the ovum from the ovary
45
Function of progesterone
Maintains thick uterus lining if fertilised ovum implants High concentrations of progesterone increases which inhibits pregnancy stop the cycle
46
Entire menstrual cycle
It begins on day 1 with menstruation when the uterus living is shed and a period of bleeding occurs due to low levels of progesterone and oestrogen.
47
What can the menstrual cycle be often altered by
Stress or exercise
48
LEARN MENSTRUAL CYCLE (with god)
49
Why is hormone progesterone remain high in pregnancy
To continue the build up of the uterus lining and to prevent menstruation as it would abort a developing fetus
50
What is contraception
The name for the methods or devices that stop women becoming pregnant.
51
Other names for contraception
Birth control or family planning
52
Why is contraception an ethical issue
Because some people disagree with it for religious or moral reasons as some such as the Roman Catholic Church only officially accept ‘natural family planning’ when the male doesn’t ejaculate inside the female’s vagina during sex, particularly when an ovum is most likely to be fertilised.
53
What is abstinence
Stopping having sex
54
Permanent method of contraception for men and how it works
Vasectomy. A short and relatively simple operation stops sperm travelling along the sperm ducts that link the testes. A vasectomy is when these sperm ducts are tied or cut.
55
Permanent method of contraception for women
Tubal ligation. It is an operation where the womans oviducts (fallopian tubes) are tied or cut
56
Barrier method of contraception for men
Condoms - they surround an eerect penis and stop sperm meeting the vagina and they are often covered with spermicide
57
Three barrier methods of contraception for females
Femidoms - female condoms Diaphragm - small plastic dome inserted into vagina to cover cervix Contraceptive sponges - work in the same way as diaphragm - covered in spermicide
58
What is spermicide
A chemical which kills sperm cells
59
Advantage of condoms
They protect against the spread of many sexually transmitted disease because they stop the exchange of all bodily fluids.
60
Disadvantages of diaphragm and sponge
They don’t stop the transmission of STDd
61
What does the term ‘intrauterine’ refer to
In the uterus
62
Hormonal way of contraception for women
The oral contraceptive pill (often known as the pill.
63
How does the oral contraceptive pill work
It contains both oestrogen and progesterone and it prevent ovulation by inhibiting the production of FSH and therefore no egg can mature meaning no pregnancy
64
Disadvantages of the pill
It must be taken each day at the same time either for the entire cycle or just the first 21 days followed by a week with no pills. The person may forget to take it Possible Side effects include headaches The pill doesn’t stop transmission of STDs
65
What are progesterone implants or patches
This is when progesterone is delivered into a woman’s blood in a small device implanted under her skin or a patch temporarily stuck to it.
66
Advantage of the pill
Very effective if used properly
67
Advantage of progesterone patches or implants
Very effective and can stop eggs maturing and being released for a number of months of years
68
How do intrauterine devices work
Either by releasing contraceptive hormones or by preventing fertilised eggs from implanting
69
How do women with natural ally low levels of FSH and LH treat fertility
They might take ‘fertility drugs’ containing FSH and LH which can increase the levels in the woman’s blood which may allow her to become pregnant naturally.
70
What are babies being by ivf referred to sometimes
‘Test-tube babies’ even though test tubes are not used
71
Process of IVF
1. Injections of FSH and LH. The hormones stimulate the maturation of several ova in the woman 2. A small operation removes these ova from the woman’s ovaries and they are introduced to a man’s sperm in a medical laboratory 3. The sperm cells sometimes fuse the ova naturally to fertilise them. Sometimes the nucleus of a sperm is injected into an ovum. 4. The fertilised ova then develop into embryos 5. A second small operation places one or more embryos back into the lining of the uterus 6. Nine months later the woman has her baby or babies
72
Negatives of IVF
Ethical issues leading from unused fertilised embryos The treatments can be emotionally and physically stressful The success rates are not high - leads to doctors implanting more fertilised ova during IVF and has led to mothers having a larger numbers of children than they might have wanted
73
Negative feedback basic sequence
Levels high-> Receptors detects increase -> gland secretes more hormone -> target organ corrects -> levels return to normal Levels low -> receptor detects decrease -> gland secretes less hormone -> target organ corrects -> levels return to normal
74
Formation of thyroxine negative feedback control example
Your pituitary gland produces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This stimulates the release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland. By increasing or decreasing levels of TSH, we control the amount of thyroxine produced in the body. When our thyroxine is at an optimum level, this reduces the amount of TSH produced.
75
What gland plays an important role in growth and development
Thyroid gland
76
Is adrenaline a type of negative feedback control
No
77
What does adrenaline cause
Heart rate to increase to provide the muscles and brain more glucose and oxygen needed for respiration. This releases the energy you may need to flight or run away. It also increases your blood glucose level, blood pressure and suppresses your immune system. All of these are designed to give you a short term energy boost

BIOLOGY PAPER 2 (3 decks)

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