Hormonal regulation of intermediary metabolism

Question 1

five hormones that oppose insulin

Answer 1

• glucagon
• catecholamines
• glucocorticoids
• GH
• hormones of the gut

Question 2

cleavage of proinsuline yields?

Answer 2

insulin and C-peptide

Question 3

Things that stimulate insulin

Answer 3

• high glucose
• glucagon, cortisol
• FAs and ketones
• gut peptide hormones
• K+
• obesity
• catecholamines

Question 4

mechanism of insulin action

Answer 4

• binds to a transmembrane cell surface receptor
• receptor functions as tyrosine kinase
• phosphorylation of key docking proteins (IRS and Shc)

Question 5

where is GLUT4 expressed?

Answer 5

muscle and adipose

Question 6

insulin actions on muscle?

Answer 6

• stimulation of glucose transport into cell
• glycogen synthesis
• amino acid uptake
• protein synthesis
• inhibition of proteolysis

Question 7

insulin actions on adipose?

Answer 7

• glucose uptake
• fat synth
• LPL activation
• inhibition of HSL
• AA uptake

Question 8

insulin action on liver?

Answer 8

• does not affect glucose uptake because of GLUT2
• glucokinase and glycogen synthase activity
• glycolysis
• inhibition of gluconeogenesis
• FA synth

Question 9

FAs and AAs in relation to insulin and glucagon

Answer 9

• both stimulate insulin

- on the other hand, AAs stimulate glucagon while FAs inhibit glucagon

Question 10

major stimulus of insulin

Answer 10

high blood glucose

Question 11

major stimulus of glucagon

Answer 11

low blood glucose

Question 12

glucagon works on the….

Answer 12

liver only

Question 13

glucagon rapid actions on liver

Answer 13

• glycogenolysis

- inhibits glycogen synthetase

Question 14

glucagon slow actions on liver

Answer 14

• gluconeogenesis
• lipolysis
• inhibits FA synth
• hepatic ketogenesis

Question 15

two catecholamines

Answer 15

epinephrin and norepinephrin

Question 16

catecholamines synthesized from?

Answer 16

tyrosine

Question 17

epinephrin synthesized where?

Answer 17

adrenal medulla

Question 18

norepinephrin synthesized where?

Answer 18

postganglionic sympathetic nerve endings

Question 19

major stimulus of catecholamine release

Answer 19

acetylcholine

Question 20

catecholamine affects on skeletal muscle

Answer 20

• stimulation of glycogenolysis and lactate production

- inhibition of glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake

Question 21

catecholamine affects on adipose

Answer 21

stimulation of lipolysis

Question 22

catecholamine affects on liver

Answer 22

• stim glycogenolysis
• inhib glucose oxidation
• inhib glycogen synth
• stim gluconeogenesis
• stim lipolysis

Question 23

somatostatin also known as:

Answer 23

SRIF

Question 24

somatostatin action

Answer 24

inhibits everything!