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The Endocrine System / Lymphatic System > Hormone Activity > Flashcards

Hormone Activity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of “Hormone Receptors”?

A

Only the target cells of a given hormone have the receptor that bind and recognize that hormone.

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2
Q

What is the effect of “Down Regulation”?

A

This is a result of too many of a certain type of Hormone present.
This may result in the target cell receptors decreasing in number.
“Down Regulation” makes the target cells less sensitive to a hormone.

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3
Q

What happens when a hormone is deficient?

A

The number of receptors for that hormone may increase to make the target cell more sensitive to a hormone.
This is known as “Up Regulation”.

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4
Q

What is the difference between Local and Circulatory Hormones?

A

Most endocrine Hormones are “Circulatory Hormones”.
They pass from secretory cells - IF - Circulatory system.

Other Hormones called “Local Hormones”.
They act locally on neighbouring cells or on the same cell that secreted them without entering the blood stream.

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5
Q

What are Local hormones that act on the neighbouring cells?

A

The local hormones that act on neighbouring cells are called “Paracrines”.

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6
Q

What are Local Hormones that act on the same cell it was secreted from?

A

These cells would be called “Autocrines”.

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7
Q

What Type of Hormones deactivate quickly?

A

The Hormones that would deactivate quickly and not linger are “Local Hormones”.

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8
Q

How do circulating Hormones get deactivated?

A

In time they get deactivated by the Liver & Excreted by the kidneys.

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9
Q

How long do Circulating hormones last in the blood stream?

A

They can last from minutes to Hours occasionally.

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10
Q

There are Chemical classes to Hormones, what are they?

A

The types of Chemical Classes of hormones include:

Lipid Soluble and Water Soluble.

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11
Q

What are the types of Lipid Soluble Hormones?

A

Steroid, Thyroid & Nitric Oxide.

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12
Q

What are the types of Water Soluble Hormones?

A

Amine Hormones, Peptide Hormones, Protein Hormones, Etcosanoid Hormones.

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13
Q

What is involved in Hormone transport in the blood?

A

Transport proteins Synthesized in the liver help transport hormones in the blood stream.
There is 3 functions to doing this:
Helps make Lipid soluble hormones temporally water soluble.
Helps the hormones not get filtered by the kidneys as fast.
It helps provide a reserve of hormones in the blood to be used.

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of hormone action definition?

A

The response of a hormone depends on both the Hormone and the target cell. (Various target cells respond differently to the same hormone).

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15
Q

Within the Mechanism of hormone action, Hormonal Effects include what?

A

It includes changing the permeability of the Plasma membrane, Stimulating transport of a substance into or out of the Target cells, Altering the rate fo a metabolic reactions, or causing contraction of smooth cardiac mm.

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16
Q

Where are receptors for Lipid-soluble hormones?

A

They are located inside target cells.

Receptors for Water soluble hormones are found in the plasma membrane of the target cell.

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17
Q

In relation to Hormone Interactions, What does the responceivness of a target cell depend on?

A

3 things:
Hormones concentration in blood.
Abundance of target cell receptors.
Influences excepted by other hormones.

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18
Q

What does it mean for a hormone to have a “Permissive effect”?

A

This is a referring to the actions of some hormones on target cells require a simultaneous or recent exposure to a second hormone.

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19
Q

When the effect of 2 hormones acting together s stronger than if they were acting by themselves, What is this called?

A

This is called having a “Synergist effect”.

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20
Q

What is it called when one hormones opposes the effects of another one?

A

This would be called “Antagonistic Effects”.

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21
Q

What is an Example of “Antagonistic Effects” of Hormones?

A

Insulin promotes the synthesis of glycogen by the liver cells.
And Glucagon, witch stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver.

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22
Q

What is involved in the Control of Hormone Secretion?

A

The release of most hormones occurs in sort burst with little or no secretion between burst.

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23
Q

What is hormone secretion regulated by?

A

Signals from the nervous system, Chemical changes in the blood, and other hormones.

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24
Q

How is the Hypothalamus related to hormone secretion?

A

Hypothalamus is the major link between the Nervous system and the endocrine system.

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25
How is the Pituitary gland related to the release of hormones?
It is a pea shaped structure attach to the Hypothalamus by a stalk, The "Infundibulum".
26
What are the Portions of the Infundibulum and Pituitary gland?
Anterior & Posterior.
27
What are the functions of the Anterior Pituitary Gland?
It secretes hormones to regulate a wide range of bodily activities, from growing too reproduction.
28
What is the other name for the Anterior Pituitary gland?
It is AKA Adenohypophysis.
29
When does the Anterior Pituitary gland release hormones?
The release of Anterior Pituitary hormones is Stimulated by Releasing hormones from the Hypothalamus.
30
What is the "Hypophyseal Portal System"?
This is how the Hormones released by the Hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary. In this portal system, blood flows from capillaries in the hypothalamus into portal veins that carry out blood to capillaries of the Anterior pituitary.
31
What are the types pituitary cells?
The types of cells include: Somatotrophs, Thyrotrophs, Gonadotrophs, Lactotrophs, Corticotrophs.
32
What are the Hormones that the Anterior Pituitary Gland release?
``` There is 7 kinds: HGH TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) LH (Luteinizing Hormone) MSH (Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone) Prolactin Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ```
33
What does the Posterior Pituitary Gland consist of?
After Oxytocin and Antidireutic are created they are packaged and stored in the posterior pituitary gland until they're are stimulated to be released.
34
What is the Other name for the Posterior Pituitary gland?
It is AKA Neurohypophysis.
35
What is the function of the Posterior Pituitary Gland?
It does not Synthesis hormones, but it does store 2 types of hormones.
36
What Creates Oxytocin?
The cell bodies of the Paraventricular nucleus.
37
What creates Antidireutic?
The cell bodies of the Supraoptic nucleus.
38
What is Oxytocin?
During delivery of the baby the stretching of the cervix stimulates the release of Oxytocin, this enhances contraction of smooth mm cells in the walls of the uterus.
39
What is Antidireutic?
Decreases Urine production causing more water to be returned to the blood. This decreases Urine Volume.
40
What does the Thyroid gland consist of?
It has Microscopic sac called "Thyroid Follicles". The walls of each follicle are made up of cells called "Follicular Cells".
41
Where is the Thyroid gland located?
Found just inferior to the Larynx composed of R and L lobes.
42
What are Thyroid Follicles?
They make up the wall of the Thyroid Gland and the wall of each follicle contains
43
What do the Follicular Cells of the Thyroid Gland produce?
``` They produce (T4) Thyroxine & (T3) Triiodothyronine. They are known as Thyroid Hormones. ```
44
What are the Actions of the Thyroid Hormones?
Most body cells have receptors for thyroid hormones, They will exert their effects throughout the body. They increase basal metabolic rate. Stimulate synthesis of additional Sodium-Potassium pumps. Stim protein synthesis & Increase the use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production. Enhances Norepinephrine and Epinephrin. Along with HGH and Insulin, thyroid hormones help grow the body skeletal and nervous system.
45
What are the Parathyroid Glands?
They contain 2 kinds of Epithelial cells, Chief cells & Oxyphil.
46
Where are the Parathyroid glands located?
They can be found partially embedded in the posterior surface of the of the Lateral Lobes of the Thyroid Gland. They are Several small, round masses.
47
In the Parathyroid Gland what does the Chief cell do?
Chief cells produce Parathyroid Hormone, It is also called Parathormone. And the function of the other parathyroid cell Oxypihl is not known.
48
What is the function of Parathyroid Hormone?
It is the major regulator of Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphate Ions in the blood. The Specific function of PTH is to increase the number and activity of Osteoclast.
49
What are the adrenal Glands?
Held superior to the Kidneys, they're in 2 distinct structures. The Adrenal Medulla & Adrenal Cortex.
50
What is the Result in the body of (PTH) Parathyroid Hormone?
This results in Elevated Bone Reabsorption
51
Where are the Adrenal Glands located?
Paired Adrenal Glands, one of which lies superior to each kidney. They have a Flattened Pyramid Shape.
52
Durning embryonic development what occurs to the Adrenal Glands?
They differentiate into 2 structurally and Functionally distinct regions. The Adrenal Cortex and Adrenal Medulla.
53
What is the Function of the Adrenal Medulla?
It contains Hormone producing cells, called Chromaffin cells. The 2 major Hormones produced here are Epinephrin and Norepinephrine.
54
What is the Function of the Adrenal Cortex?
Decided into 3 Zones each of which secretes different hormones. Outer zone: Just deep to the CT capsule is "Zona Glomerulosa". Middle zone: The widest zone "Zona Fasciculata" secretes Glucocorticoids. Inner zone: "Zona Reticularis" Creates small amounts of weak androgens, Steroid hormones that have a masculinizing effect.
55
What are "Glucocorticoids" from the Adrenal Cortex?
This includes: Cortisol, Cortisone & Corticosterone. The regulate metabolism and resistance to stress.
56
What does the Middle layer of the Adrenal Cortex Produce?
Secretes Glucocorticoids.
57
What does the Outer layer of the Adrenal Cortex Produce?
It secretes hormones called "Mineralcorticoids".
58
What are Mineralcorticoids?
Aldosterone is one of the major ones, regulates homeostasis of 2 mineral Ions, Sodium and potassium.
59
What are Mineralcorticoids?
Aldosterone is one of the major ones, regulates homeostasis of 2 mineral Ions, Sodium and potassium.
60
During Stressful Situations & Exercise what does the Adrenal Medulla do?
Impulses from the Hypothalamus stimulate "Chromaffin cells" to secrete epinephrin and Norepinephrine.
61
During Stressful Situations & Exercise what does the Adrenal Medulla do?
Impulses from the Hypothalamus stimulate "Chromaffin cells" to secrete epinephrin and Norepinephrine. This is the fight or flight response.
62
What is the "Pancreatic Islets"?
The Pancreas is both an Endocrine and Exocrine Gland. | Located in the curve of the duodenum, first part of the small intestine, consist of a head body and tail.
63
What is the "Pancreatic Islets"?
The Pancreas is both an Endocrine and Exocrine Gland. | Located in the curve of the duodenum, first part of the small intestine, consist of a head body and tail.
64
What are the cell types in the Pancreatic Islets?
A, B, D, F cells.
65
What are the A cells of the Pancreatic Islets?
Constitutes about 17% of the Pancreatic Islets cells & Secretes "Glucagon".
66
What are the B cells of the Pancreatic Islets?
Constitutes about 70% of the Pancreatic Islets cells and secretes "Insulin".
67
What are the D cells of the Pancreatic Islets?
Constitutes about 7% of the Pancreatic Islets cells and secretes "Somatostatin".
68
What are the F cells of the Pancreatic Islets?
Constitutes the Remainder of the Pancreatic Islets cells secretes Pancreatic Polypeptides.
69
What is the main function of Glucagon?
To increase blood glucose levels when it drops below normal.
70
What are the role of the Ovaries and Testes?
They produce Gametes specific to each sex. | And Hormones specific to the sex Gonads.
71
What are the Gametes for each sex?
Sperm for men & Oocytes for Woman. | In addition to their reproductive function the "Gonads" the organs that secrete the Gametes produce hormones.
72
What hormones do the Ovaries produce?
They produce several steroid hormones including 2 Estrogens and Progesterone. These sex hormones along with FSH and LH help regulate the Menstrual cycle. They also produce Inhibin, a protein hormone that inhibits secretion of FSH.
73
What hormones does the Testes produce?
The main hormone produced by the Testes is Testosterone, an Adrongen.
74
During Pregnancy what do the Ovaries produce?
Along with the Placenta they produce Relaxin to help with birthing.
75
What is the role of Testosterone?
Helps stimulate decent of testes before birth. Regulates production of sperm. And stimulates the development of male characteristics. Also produces Inhibin, inhibits the production of FSH.
76
Where are the Pineal gland located?
Found attached to the roof of the 3rd ventricle at the brain midline.
77
Where is the Thymus located?
Located behind the Sternum between the Lungs.
78
What does the Thymus Secrete?
The role of the Thymus is Immunity. Hormones produced by the Thymus are: Thymosin, Thymic Humoral Factor, Thymopoietin. All help with production of T-cells and may retard the Aging process.
79
What does the Pineal Gland Secrete?
Melatonin, Helps with setting the bodies biological clock. Thought to promote sleepiness. Also is a Potent Antioxidant.
80
What are "Eicosanoids"?
There are 2 Families of Ecosanoid molecules. | Prostaglandins (PGs) & Leukotrienes (LTs) are found in almost all body cells besides RBCs.
81
What are the roles of (LTs) Leukotrienes?
They Stimulate Chemotaxis of white blood cells and mediate inflammation.
82
What are the Roles of (PGs) Prostaglandins?
It Alters smooth mm contraction, glandular secretions, blood flow, reproductive processes, Platelet function, respiration, nn impulse transmission, lipid metabolism and immune response.
83
What are "Growth Factors"?
There are several Hormones that stimulate cell growth and devision. Growth factors are Mitogenic substances that cause growth by stimulating cell division, many growth factors act locally.
84
What is the "Stress Response"?
"General Adaptation Syndrome". Occurs in 3 stages: Initial fight or flight response, Slower resistance reaction, Exhaustion.
85
What occurs within the fight or flight response?
Initiated by nn impulses from the Hypothalamus to the Sympathetic devision of the ANS quickly mobilizes the bodies resource for physical activity. Brings glucose and O2 to the organs that are most active in warding off danger.
86
What occurs within the Slower Resistance Reaction of the Stress response?
Helps the Body fight a stressor long after the F or F response dissipates. If it is successful in seeing the body through a stressor our bodies then return to normal. Sometimes this may fail to combat the stressor and the body moves into a state of Exhaustion.
87
What occurs within the "Exhaustion" portion of the Stress Response?
Exposure of high levels of Cortisol and hormones that are involved in the Resistance reaction causes wasting of mms & Suppression of the Immune system.
88
After a stressor is gone why would your heart continue to pound?
This is in relation to the "Slower Resistance Reaction" of the stress response.
89
What are Disorders of Homeostatic Imbalances?
Diabetes, Thyroid Gland disorders, Adrenal Gland disorders, Pancreatic Islets disorders,
90
What are Examples of Thyroid Gland Disorders?
Congenital Hypothyroidism, Graves Disease, Goiter.
91
What are Examples of Adrenal Gland disorders?
Cushing Syndrome, Addison's disease.
92
What are Examples of Pancreatic Islets Disorders?
Diabetic Mellitus.
93
What is Diabetes Insipidus?
This is the most common abnormality associated with the Posterior Pituitary gland. Due to Defects in ADH receptors or an Inability to secrete ADH.
94
What are Symptoms of "Diabetes Insipidus"?
Most common symptoms: Excretion of large amounts of urine - resulting in dehydration and thirst. Treatment: Hormone Replacement, Restriction of salt in diet, the use of some diuretic drugs are helpful.
95
What is congenital Hypothyroidism?
Hypo-secretion of Thyroid Hormones that is present at birth. Causing slower brain function and bone growth. In adult years it can produce Myexdma. A visible symptom of the condition is Edema that causes the face to appear puffy and swell.
96
What was Hypothyroidism previously termed?
It was called Cretinism.
97
For people that have Hypothyroidism, What does having Myexdma cause?
It contributes to a Slower HR, Low body temp, Sensitivity to the cold, Dry hair & skin, mm weakness General lethargy and a tendency to gain weight.
98
What is Graves Disease?
It is the most common form of Hyperthyroidism. | It is an Autoimmune disorder in which the person produces antibodies that mimic the action of TSH.
99
What is the Primary symptom of Graves Disease?
An enlarged Thyroid Gland - may be 2 x 3 times its normal size. Graves patients often have a Peculiar Edema behind the Eyes. This causes enlarged eyes.
100
What is the condition of a Goiter?
Causing an enlarged thyroid gland, May be associated with Hyper / Hypothyroidism or Euthyroidism.
101
What is Cushings Syndrome?
This is Hyper-secretion of Cortisol by the Adrenal Cortes. Causes: A tumor of the Adrenal Gland, a tumor elsewhere causing Hypersecretion of "Adrenocorticotropic" in turn causing Secretion of Cortisol.
102
What is Cushings Syndrome Characterized by?
Characterized by the Breakdown of mm proteins and redistribution of body fat. Resulting in spindly arms and legs accompanied by rounded moon face and Hanging Abdomen.
103
What is Addsions Disease?
Hypo-secretion of Glucocorticoids and Aldosterone causes this condition. The Symptoms include: Mental Lethargy, Anorexia, Nausea, vomiting, weight loss, Hypoglycaemia & mm weakness.
104
What is Diabetic Mellitus?
Caused by the Inability to produce or use insulin. | There's Type 1 & 2.
105
What is Type 1 Diabetic Mellitus?
Occurs because a persons immune system destroys the Pancreatic Beta Cells. As a result the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Usually occurs in people 20 and younger and persist through life.
106
What is Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus?
Much more common than type 1. Occurs mostly in people that are obese and or over the age of 35. Clinical symptoms include: Mild - High glucose levels in blood and can be controlled by diet, exercise and weight loss.
107
What is the Non-insulin Dependant Diabetes?
Type 2
108
What is the Non-insulin Dependant Diabetes?
Type 2
109
What is Hyperinsulinism?
most often results from when a Diabetic Injects too much insulin. Symptoms: Hypoglycaemia, Anxiety, Sweating, tremors, increased HR, Hunger and weakness occur.
110
What does Severe Hypoglycaemia lead to?
Mental disorientation, convulsions, Unconscious and Death.

The Endocrine System / Lymphatic System (6 decks)

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