hormone diseases

Question 1

addisons disease is a result of what

Answer 1

a reduction in cortisol and aldosterone release

Question 2

whats the hormone levels of addisons disease

Answer 2

hyposecretion

Question 3

whats the cause of addisons

Answer 3

autoimmunity, destruction of receptors

Question 4

what does the low cortisol cause

Answer 4

no negative feedback on CRH and ATCH, so increased production of both of these hormones.

Question 5

what does excess ACTH cause and why

Answer 5

causes darkening pigment of skin as the ACTH binds to receptors associated with melanin synthesis, it also causes low blood pressure and weakness

Question 6

cushings disease is as a result of

Answer 6

a tumour and hypersecretion of hormone. as tumour causes rapid proliferation of adrenal cortex, so lots of cortisol secreted

Question 7

whats the hormone level of cushings

Answer 7

hypersecretion

Question 8

symptoms of cushing

Answer 8

moon face, buffalo hump, high blood pressure and weakness (due to excessive protein breakdown)

Question 9

why do the fat piles arise in cushings

Answer 9

because the breakdown of protein and fat, we mobilise glucose. which isnt needed so the glucose depositis in places near the core.

Question 10

tumours often lead to a what

Answer 10

hypersecretion situation

Question 11

gigantism is as a result of what

Answer 11

hypersecretion of GH, as a result of pituitary tumour.

Question 12

dwarfism is as a result of

Answer 12

hyposecretion of GH

Question 13

primordial dwarfism is what

Answer 13

a dwarf who has normal body proportions, so hands and legs will be a normal proportion but its all just tiny.

Question 14

infantile hypothyroidism is caused by

Answer 14

hyposecretion of thyroid hormone, as the baby doesn’t recieve enough iodine as a fetus and infant as mothers iodine is low.

Question 15

what are symptoms of infantile hypothyroidism

Answer 15

retardation of growth and brain development, low metabolic rate, cold intolerance

Question 16

simple goute or iodine deficiency is order is what

Answer 16

hyposecretion of thyroid hormone due to not enough iodine in the diet

Question 17

not enough iodine in diet causes what and why

Answer 17

causes simple goute, due to the lack of TH produced

Question 18

why does a lack of TH make Goute

Answer 18

because the lack of TH cannot do negative feedback on the release of TSH and TRH. the constant TSH signal leads to growth of the thyroid and thus swelling neck

Question 19

graves disease is caused by

Answer 19

it is a hypersecretion caused by autoimmunity

Question 20

how does autoimmunity cause graves

Answer 20

the thyroid is overstimulated by antibodies causing lots of TH release

Question 21

symptoms of graves

Answer 21

weight loss, high metabolic rate, hair loss, increased heart rate, heat intolerance, nervousness and exophthalmos.

Question 22

what is hyperparathyroidism caused by

Answer 22

hypersecretion of PTH due to a tumour of the parathyroid glands. which causes to much PTH to be released

Question 23

symptoms of hyperparathyroidism

Answer 23

Bones become soft, deformed
and fragile
* Raises the blood levels of
calcium and phosphate ions
* Promotes formation of kidney
stones composed of calcium
phosphate

Question 24

why does hyperparathyroidism cause bones to be soft

Answer 24

PTH increases the resorption of bone into blood plasma so inorganic calcium aspect of bone decreases.

Question 25

why does hyperparathyroidism cause kidney stones

Answer 25

the excess filtering of calcium and phosphate in the blood leads to these mineral deposits.

Question 26

hypercalcemia is caused by what

Answer 26

a tumour of Parathyroid

Question 27

what does hypercalcemia cause

Answer 27

Nerve and muscle cells less responsive and
excitable, depression of nervous system, slowed reflexes. emotional disturbances. even death as heart tissue cant reach threshold to be able to contract.

Question 28

why does hypercalcemia cause less excitable cells

Answer 28

because too much Ca in the ECM causes the membrane potential to decrease, making it further from threshold and thus harder for neurons to reach that point.

Question 29

hypocalcemia, what are the causes

Answer 29

vit D deficiency, diarrhoea (as food moves too fast that enough calcium isnt absorbed). under active or removal of PTH, or calcium is directed elsehwere ( like during pregnancy)

Question 30

what are symptoms of hypocalcemia

Answer 30

Increased excitability of the nervous system
* Leads to of muscle tremors, spasms or
cramps
* When very low: get paraesthesia
(tingling/burning sensation) in hands and
face, muscle cramps, and in some cases the
muscles of the larynx may contract tightly
(laryngospasm), which can shut off airflow
and cause suffocation

Question 31

type one diabeties cause

Answer 31

its a hyposecretion, as too little insulin is released, caused by the destruction of beta cells by the immune system.

Question 32

symptoms of diabeties mellitus

Answer 32

polyuria, excess urine made. polydipsia, increased thurst. inflammation of nerve, glucosuira as glucose passes through kidneys.

Question 33

why cant insulin be given as a tablet

Answer 33

as its a peptide hormone, would be broken down.

Question 34

type 2 diabeties cause

Answer 34

hyposensitivity, as receptors have been exposed to high blood sugar too long, so have been damaged, so insulin cant do its stuff.