Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Memorization Sets > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

(49 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Peptides

A 
FLAT PEG 
ADH/vasopressin
Oxytocin
Calcitonin vs. PTH
Insulin vs. Glucagon
Somatostatin
GnRH
CRH
GHRH
- Polar, hydrophilic, lipophobic, need GPCR transport through membranes, blood soluble
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Steroids

A 
Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
Cortisol
Aldosterone
- Lipids: nonpolar, hydrophobic, lipophilic, diffuse through membranes, need protein-transport in blood
- Made from cholesterol
- 4 fused rings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Tyrosine Derivatives

A 
Epinephrine/adrenaline
Norepinephrine/noradrenaline
T3/triiodothyronine
T4/thyroxine
- Nonpolar, etc
- Smaller than other hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gonads

A

Testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

FLAT PEG (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, Endorphins, GH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A 
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH aka vasopressin)
Oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Cortisol/glucocorticoid
Aldosterone/mineralocorticoid
Androgens: precursors of estrogen and testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Epinephrine/adrenaline
Norepinephrine/noradrenaline
Small amount of dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Thyroid and Parathyroid

A

Calcitonin vs. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
T3/triiodothyronine
T4/thyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin vs. Glucagon

Somatostatin (GHIH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypothalamus (not a gland)

A

Below thalamus; ANS regulation

  • Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
  • Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
  • Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
  • Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

HPA Axis

A

stress -> hypothalamus (CRH via hypophyseal capillary network) -> anterior pituitary (ACTH) -> adrenal cortex (cortisol) -> increased gluconeogenesis, fat/protein metabolism, blood sugar, decreased immune system/inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

HPG Axis

A

hypothalamus (GnRH via hypophyseal capillary network) -> anterior pituitary (LH and FSH) -> matured sperm/eggs -> gonads (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

RAA System

A

decreased BP -> juxtaglomerular cells release renin enzyme -> cleaves angiotensin to angiotensin I -> angiotensin II -> stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone –> stimulates distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to release water and Na- back into blood -> increased BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Estrogen

A

steroid, ovaries, inhibits prolactin, establishes endometrial thickening of uterine wall, peak before ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Progesterone

A

steroid, ovaries, inhibits prolactin, protects endometrium , peak after ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Testosterone

A

steroid, testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus release of GnRH through hypophyseal capillary network in brain
  • induces maturation of eggs (ovarian follicles), sperm (sertoli cells)
  • peak at ovulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Leutenizing Hormone (LH)

A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus release of GnRH through hypophyseal capillary network in brain
  • induces synthesis of estrogen, testosterone (interstitial cells), progesterone
  • peak induces ovulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus release of CRH through hypophyseal capillary network in brain
  • stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol
21
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary releases TSH to stimulate thyroid to release T3 and T4 to regulate metabolic rate
  • Negative feedback inhibition from T3 and T4
22
Q

Prolactin

Study These Flashcards
A
  • peptide
  • anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus activation from suckling
  • induces production of milk in mammary glands
  • inhibited by estrogen and progesterone and dopamine
23
Q

Endorphins

Study These Flashcards
A
  • peptides
  • endogenous pain killers released from anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus activation from pain/exercise
  • Processed through endocannabinoid system
24
Q

Growth hormone (somatotropin)

Study These Flashcards
A
  • peptides
  • anterior pituitary stimulated by hypothalamus release of GHRH
  • Stimulates cell/bone/muscle growth and increases rate of protein anabolism
25
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH or vasopressin)
- peptide - synthesized in hypothalamus upon high blood osmolarity and transported to posterior pituitary by neurons - stimulates H2O permeability in collecting ducts to release H2O back into blood to decrease blood osmolarity - associated with thirst
26
Oxytocin
- peptide - released by posterior pituitary upon stimulation of hypothalamic neurons from human interaction - induces release of milk from mammary glands
27
Calcitonin
- peptide - released by thyroid - stimulates osteoblasts to build bone using calcium from blood (decreases blood calcium)
28
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- peptide - released by parathyroid - stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone releasing calcium into blood
29
T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)
- Tyrosine derivatives - released by thyroid stimulated by TSH - Increase metabolic rate and O2 consumption - Regulated through negative feedback with TSH - T3 more potent, shorter half life, less available in blood - T4 converted to T3 in tissues
30
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline technically NT)
- Tyrosine derivatives (catecholamines) - released by adrenal medulla stimulated by sympathetic nervous response - Vasoconstriction of GI, vasodilation of lungs, heart, brain, muscles for fight or flight
31
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
- peptide | - released by hypothalamus through hypophyseal capillary portal to activate anterior pituitary to release ACTH
32
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
- peptide | - released by hypothalamus through hypophyseal capillary portal to activate anterior pituitary to release GH
33
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
- peptide | - released by hypothalamus through hypophyseal capillary portal to activate anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
34
Insulin
- peptide - released by pancreas beta islet cells to decrease blood glucose and proteins - stimulates conversion of glucose to glycogen in liver and muscles - fat converted to adipocytes - opposite glucagon - Type I diabetes: (youth) defective beta cells cannot release insulin - Type II: (obese) defective insulin receptors resistant to insulin
35
Glucagon
- peptide released by pancreas alpha islets opposite insulin - when blood sugar/protein is low (hunger) - stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver
36
Somatostatin
- peptide released by pancreas delta islets | - inhibits the activity of other hormones to slow endocrine signaling and lower metabolic rate
37
Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
- steroid released by adrenal cortex after stimulation from ACTH from anterior pituitary stimulated by CRH from hypothalamus (HPA) - stress hormone - increases blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis and fat/protein metabolism - depresses immune system
38
Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
- steroid released by adrenal cortex - stimulated by low BP - stimulates collecting duct to release Na+/Cl- and H2O into blood to increase BP - also brings K+ and H+ into collecting duct - associated with thirst
39
Pineal gland
Releases melatonin (trp peptide) in the epithalamus between the 2 thalamus halves in response to dark
40
Gastrin
Peptide hormone released by G-cells of pyloric glands in the stomach; stimulates HCl release from parietal cells for acidification
41
Cholecystokinin
Peptide hormone in duodenum signals for gallbladder to release bile and pancreas to release alkaline juices into small intestine (associated with satiety)
42
Ghrelin
Peptide hormone produced and released in stomach when empty (hunger); stimulated by the sight, smell, sounds, taste of food
43
Leptin
Peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissue to suppress hunger (satiety) by suppressing release of orexin to maintain healthy body fat levels
44
Albumin
Protein produced by liver for transporting steroid hormones in blood
45
Secretin
Peptide hormone in duodenum stimulates release of pancreatic juices and slows gastric motility
46
Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Peptide hormone released from heart during high BP/high sodium; binds kidney/blood vessel receptors to promote salt excretion to lower BP
47
Orexin
Neuropeptide released by neurons to increase appetite
48
Catecholamines
Released by adrenal glands: dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine Promote glycogenolysis and increase basal metabolic rate of glucose to produce energy for action (stimulated by sympathetic nervous system)
49
Thymosin
Peptide hormone released by thymus (lymph gland near heart pericardium) to direct maturation of T-cells + selection: induces apoptosis in cells that do not recognize MHC - selection: induces apoptosis in self-reactive cells

Memorization Sets (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions