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Female Reproductive Biology > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Hormone

A
  • chemical secreted in small amounts by endocrine cells/neurons
  • circulate in blood
  • only affect specific target receptors
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2
Q

Types of hormones

A
  1. proteins
  2. steroids
  3. amines
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3
Q

How does the endocrine system deposit hormones into the blood?

A

exocytosis or defusion

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4
Q

What’s a peptide?

A

a protein that’s 50 AA or less

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5
Q

Types of stimulation for hormonal release

A
  1. Humoral stimulus = change in blood levels of something
  2. Neural stimuli = neurons stimulate release of hormone
  3. Hormonal stimuli = hormonse stimulates release of another hormone
    MAIN ONE
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6
Q

Classification of Hormones

A

Lipid soluble/ lipophilic = steroids and thyroid hormones

Water soluble/ lipophobic = proteins/peptides, catecholamines (biogenic amines), melatonin

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7
Q

Lipid soluble hormones

  • derived from?
  • timing?
  • receptors?
  • actions?
A
  • derived from cholesterol (steroids) and tyrosine (thyroid hormones)
  • synthesized on demand bc they defuse out of cell once made
  • released by diffusion
  • need carrier proteins to move through blood –> stay in circulation longer
  • intracellular receptors –> usually in cytoplasm or nucleus
  • genomic effects –> alter protein synthesis –> response time is prolonged
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8
Q

how do lipid soluble hormones affect protein synthesis?

A
  • binding of hormone to specific DNA region initiates transcription of gene into mRNA
  • mRNA directs protein synthesis
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9
Q

Water soluble hormones

  • when are they made?
  • how released?
  • time?
  • receptor?
  • effects?
A
  • produced and stored ahead of time in vesicles
  • released by exocytosis when stimulus
  • travels easily thru blood, so doesn’t circulate for long
  • Membrane receptor –> use intracellular mediators
  • non-genomic effects –> fast response where 2nd messenger modifies existing proteins
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10
Q

water soluble second messenger process

A
  • allows magnification of effects + can cause multiple effects at once
  • hormone (1st) –> receptor –> G protein –> amplifier enzyme –> 2nd messenger –> effects
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11
Q

Adenylate cyclase/ cAMP system

A
  • ligand binds to membrane receptor
  • G protein activated (GDP to GTP)
  • Activated G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  • conversion of ATP to cAMP
  • cAMP activates kinase A
  • Phosphorylation of proteins
  • alters cell function
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12
Q

Phospholipase C signal transduction

A
  • ligand binds to membrane receptor
  • G protein activated (GDP to GTP)
  • Activated G protein activates phospholipase C
  • PIP2 –> DAG + IP3
  • DAG activates kinase C –> phosphorylates proteins
  • IP3 opens Ca channels and frees Ca in cytosol
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13
Q

Membrane Receptor Enzymes

A
  • receptor is extracellular
  • enzyme is intracellular
  • ligand binding acivates kinase (amplifier enzyme)
  • phosphorylates stuff

less steps than 2nd messenger

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14
Q

Guanylate cyclase stuff

A
  • hormone binds to receptor
  • activates guanylate cyclase to produce cGMP from GTP
  • cGMP alters activity of intracellular enzymes
  • Phosphodiesterase converts cGMP back to GTP
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15
Q

How are intracellular proteins typically altered and what effects can this have?

A

-altered with Ca or PO3

  • metabolism
  • transportation across membranes
  • protein activity
  • cytoskeleton activity
  • muscle contraction
  • gene expression
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16
Q

What lives in the diencephalon?

A

hypthalamus
pituitary
epithalamus –> pineal
thalamus

17
Q

Hypothalamus to Posterior Pituitary

A
  • Connected by nerves
  • hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
  • hypothalamic neurons carry oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone to posterior pituitary to be stored in axon terminal
  • hormones are released into blood when APs from associated hypothalamic neurons
18
Q

Hypothalamus to Anterior Pituitary

A
  • connected by blood vessels
  • Hypophyseal portal system
  • hypothalamic neurons dump hormones into primary capillary plexus
  • hormones travel down hypophyseal portal vein to inhibit or stimulate hormones made in anterior pituitary
  • anterior pituitary empties hormones into secondary capillary plexus
  • hormone circulates thru body
19
Q

name of structure that connects hypothalamus to pituitary

A

infundibulum

20
Q

Important hormones

A

Hypothalamus: Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone and Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone

Anterior Pituitary: Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, and Prolactin

Posterior Pituitary: Oxytocin

21
Q

Regulation of Hormones

A

Negative feedback mechanisms

-usually affecting both the Hypothalamus and Pituitary levels of secretion (first and second tier hormones)

Female Reproductive Biology (18 decks)

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