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A&P II > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

Exocrine glands

A
  • nonhormonal substances (sweat, saliva)
  • have ducts to carry secretion to membrane surfaces
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2
Q

Endocrine glands

A
  • produce hormones
  • lack ducts
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3
Q

Exocrine examples

A

sweat, saliva, pancrease

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4
Q

Endocrine examples

A

pituitary, pancreas

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5
Q

Steroid

A
  • testosterone
  • estrogen
  • aldosterone
  • cortisol
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6
Q

Nonsteroid

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • ADH
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7
Q

Negative feedback

A

process that returns conditions to a set value (homeostasis) and turns off the response once values return to normal

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8
Q

Example of negative feedback

A
  • insulin (body produces insulin when blood sugar elevates)
  • glucagon (body produces glucagon when blood sugar lowers)
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9
Q

Positive feedback

A

Process by which changes causes increasing similar changes (less common)

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10
Q

Example of positive feedback

A

oxytocin and uterine contractions (uterine contractions increase in
frequency and intensity and oxytocin
levels increase until parturition or child
birth)

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11
Q

ACTH

A
  • adrenocorticotropin hormone
  • stimulates the adrenal cortex
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12
Q

FSH

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • stimulates the follicles in the ovaries
  • stimulates production of sperm cells
    in the testes
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13
Q

LH

A

luteinizing hormone

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14
Q

PRL

A
  • prolactin
  • sustains milk production after birth
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15
Q

TSH

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone
  • stimulates the thyroid
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16
Q

ADH

A
  • antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
  • increases water reabsorption in the
    kidneys
  • can cause blood pressure to rise
  • diabetes insipidus (pituitary diabetes)
    ->ADH deficiency, polyuria
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17
Q

OT

A
  • oxytocin
  • causes uterine contractions leading to
    birth
  • positive feedback mechanism
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18
Q

T4

A
  • thyroxine
  • regulates metabolism
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19
Q

T3`

A
  • triiodothyronine
  • regulates metabolism
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20
Q

PTH

A
  • parathyroid hormone
  • released with hypocalcemia
  • triggers osteoclasts
  • stimulates kidney tubules to reabsorb
    Ca++ (calcium) and secrete PO4-3
    (phosphate)
  • activates vitamin D
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21
Q

What is in the pituitary gland (anterior lobe)?

A

PRL, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, growth hormone

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22
Q

What is in the pituitary gland (posterior lobe)?

A

OT, ADH

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23
Q

What is in the thyroid gland?

A

T3, T4, calcitonin

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24
Q

Growth hormone

A

promotes growth of long
bones and increases cell uptake of amino acids mainly

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25
Pituitary dwarfism
too little as a child
26
Pituitary giantism
too much as a child
27
Acromegaly
too much as an adult
28
Calcitonin
- released with hypercalcemia - stimulates osteoblasts
29
Goiters
enlarged thyroid gland
30
Endemic goiters
due to iodine deficiency
31
Toxic goiters
due to a disease state in the person or chemical exposure such as sick building syndrome
32
Cretinism
- low T3 and T4 at birth - detected with heal stick shortly after birth - given hormones to supplement this
33
Hyperthyroidism
- elevated thyroid activity - higher T3 and T4 levels which cause metabolism to work faster - body temp. elevates; eyes bulge out
34
Hypothyroidism
- low thyroid activity - body temp. lowers, weight gain, brittle hair/nails, dry skin
35
Hyperparathyroidism
calcium levels go up
36
Hypoparathyroidism
calcium levels lower
37
Osteoma
tumor in bone
38
What is in the adrenal cortex?
aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
39
Aldosterone
regulates sodium and potassium by stimulating the reabsorption of Na+ and the secretion of K+ in the kidney tubules
40
Androgens
male sex hormones, supplements the gonads, can be converted to estrogen
40
Cortisol
- released with high stress, reduces inflammation and immune system, stimulates gluconeogenesis (makes glucose from non carbs)
40
What are the 2 adrenal gland disorders?
crushing's syndrome, addison's disease
40
Crushing's syndrome
- overactive adrenal glands - extreme weight gain - sodium retention
41
Addison's disease
- underactive adrenal glands - sleek body - can look tanned or dark pigmentation
42
What is in the adrenal medulla?
- epinephrine (adrenaline), - norepinephrine (noradrenaline) - enhances fight or flight
43
What is in the pancreas
islets of langerhans, acinar cells
44
Islets of langerhans
- endocrine part of pancreas - alpha cells secrete glucagon - beta cells secrete insulin
45
Acinar cells
- exocrine part of pancreas - release digestive enzymes through a duct that runs into small intestine
46
Hyperglycemic
- high blood pressure - beta cells release
47
Hypoglycemic
- low blood sugar - alpha cells release
48
Glycogen
chain of glucose
49
Type 1 diabetes
- juvenile diabetes - rare (5-10%) - dependent on insulin - autoimmune disease where body attacks beta cells in the pancreas, so insulin is not produced - can cause infections
50
Type 2 diabetes
- adult onset - more common (90-95%) - initially not dependent on insulin - insulin resistant, where cells ignore insulin, especially in adipose tissue
51
Problems with uncontrolled diabetes
- damage to blood vessels and nerves is common - diabetic retinopathy leading to blindness - kidney damage leading to kidney dialysis - increased risk of heart disease - loss of nerve sensation and poor circulation - poor healing wounds - increased risk of gas gangrene (1/4 of all diabetics have amputation)
52
Gestational diabetes
- type 2 diabetes - get during pregnancy - usually leads to high birth weight
53
What is in the pineal gland?
melatonin
54
Melatonin
involved in circadian rhythms (24 hour cycle)
55
What's in the thymus (heart) gland?
thymosin
56
Thymosin
- stimulates T cells or T lymphocyte maturation - large in young mammals, degenerates after puberty
57
What are in ovaries?
estrogen, progesterone
58
Estrogen
- responsible for secondary sex characteristics at puberty in females - breast development, wider hips/thighs, axillary and groin hair
59
Progesterone
- comes from the corpus luteum, the remaining follicle cells that remain in the ovary after ovulation - helps maintain pregnancy
60
What is in testes?
testosterone
61
Testosterone
- responsible for secondary sex characteristics at puberty in males - broader shoulders, increase muscle tissue, deepening voice; facial, axillary, and groin hair
62
Physical stress
- not enough sleep - too much caffeine - too much alcohol - pain - smoking
63
Psychological stress
- death of loved one - divorce - losing a job - exams - getting in arguments - pandemics
64
What happens to body during stress?
- increased heart rate which can increase blood pressure - increased blood sugar which can increase risk for type 2 diabetes - decreased immune function (decrease in T cells and interferon) - sympathetic nervous system is active, so increased problems with digestive system - short term memory normally decreases to some degree
65
Hormones that increase from stress?
- insulin - epinephrine - norepinephrine - cortisol

A&P II (9 decks)

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