Hormones

Question 1

exocrine

Answer 1

non-hormonal secretions transported through ducts to membrane surface of cells

Question 2

endocrine

Answer 2

duct-less 
secrete specific chem (hormones) 
released into surrounding tissue fluid (intersistial) 
rich vascular lymphatic drainage 
specific target organs

Question 3

Strictly endocrine glands

Answer 3

pituitary 
thyroid 
parathyroid 
adrenal 
pineal

Question 4

humoral stimuli

Answer 4

has a direct response to what it finds in the blood stream

Question 5

hormonal stimuli

Answer 5

indirect - release of factors has to be stimulated by other hormones - chain of actions

Question 6

hormonal activation on a target cell depends on what 3 things?

Answer 6

blood level of hormone
number of receptors on cell
affinity between hormone and receptor

Question 7

types of hormones

Answer 7

amino acid hormones

steroid hormones

Question 8

hypothalamus

Answer 8

inferior to the thalamus and is the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine system

Question 9

where does hypothalamus get input from

Answer 9

limbic system, cerebral cortex, thalamus and RAS

Question 10

hypothalamus outputs info to

Answer 10

pit gland

Question 11

where does the pit gland sit and where and how does it connect to the hypothalamus

Answer 11

it sits in hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone and is connected inferiorly to the hypothalamus by the infundibulum

Question 12

posterior lobe of pit

Answer 12

neural tissue
connected to infundibulum
derives from neural tube

Question 13

anterior lobe

Answer 13

glandular - 75% of total weight

derives from rathickes pouch (roof of mouth)

Question 14

pituitcytes

Answer 14

main part responsible for storage and release of hormones of posterior pituitary (dont produce hormones)

Question 15

what tracts provide to posterior pit

Answer 15

hypothalamic-hypophyseal

Question 16

supraoptic cells secrete

Answer 16

oxytocin

Question 17

paraventricular cells secretes

Answer 17

ADH

Question 18

What is ACTH stimulated by

Answer 18

CRH (corticotrophin releasing hormone)

Question 19

what does acth stimulate

Answer 19

adrenal cortex - help body fight stressors, release glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Question 20

cushings disease is from what

Answer 20

excess glucocorticoids - from ACTH

Question 21

MSH is stimulated by what

Answer 21

corticotrope cells

Question 22

MSH then stimulates

Answer 22

melanin production (pigmentation)

Question 23

MSH acts as a CNS neurtransmitter for what

Answer 23

appetite control

Question 24

HGH is regulated by what 2 hypothalamic factors

Answer 24

GHRH - stimulates release

somatostatin - hinhibits release

Question 25

What produces HGH

Answer 25

somatotopes - specialized cells in pit

Question 26

TSH is stimulated by

Answer 26

TRH (produced by thyrotropes)

Question 27

TSH stimulates

Answer 27

T3 and T4 secretion

Question 28

Thyroid hormones is what kind of system

Answer 28

negative feedback

Question 29

Gonadotropins are stimulated by

Answer 29

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) - secreted by gonadotropes activated at puberty

Question 30

what are the 2 types of gonadotropin hormones

Answer 30

LH (lutenizing hormone) | FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

Question 31

LH

Answer 31

in females - stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation and formation of corpus luteum males - stimulates testes to produce testosterone

Question 32

FSH

Answer 32

stimulates gamete prod (sperm/egg) regulates development of follicle stim estrogen prod

Question 33

prolactin is produced by

Answer 33

lactotropes

Question 34

what does prolactin do

Answer 34

stim milk prod in mammary glands

Question 35

high levels of prolactin in males can =

Answer 35

hypogonadism - underdevelopment of gonads, gynecomastia - development of breast tissue

Question 36

what is gigantism and what hormone does it result from

Answer 36

childhood disease - excessive linear growth before closure of epiphyseal plates - excessive hGH

Question 37

what is acromegly and what hormone is it from

Answer 37

adult disease - big hands, feet, internal organs, jaw | - excessive hGH normally from a tumour

Question 38

cushings disease is from excess

Answer 38

acth

Question 39

hyperpolactinemia `

Answer 39

- over prod of milk from excess prolactin | - diff in male v. female

Question 40

posterior lobe hormones

Answer 40

ADH and oxytocin

Question 41

anterior lobe

Answer 41

``` GH FSH LH TSH MSH PROLACTIN ```

Question 42

what is the largest pure endocrine gland

Answer 42

thyroid

Question 43

how are the 2 lobes of the thyroid connected

Answer 43

isthmus

Question 44

the thyroid spans from

Answer 44

C5-T1

Question 45

nervous supply to the thyroid

Answer 45

postganglionic fibers - superior and middle cervical sympathetic ganglia

Question 46

main BS to thyroid

Answer 46

superior thyroid artery (from external carotid) and inferior thyroid artery (from subclavian) draining into superior, middle and inferior (drain into branchiocephalic viens or internal jug)

Question 47

function of T3 and T4

Answer 47

increase metabolic rate increase body heat prod involved in growth and development

Question 48

what are parafollicular cells

Answer 48

cells embedded within a follicle and creates calicitonin

Question 49

calcitonin function

Answer 49

regulates Ca+ homestasis by: lowering blood caclium inhibiting bone reabsorption via inhibiting osteoclasts and by accelleratig uptake of calcium and phosophates into bone extracelluar matrix

Question 50

what is graves disease

Answer 50

an autoimmune disease from HYPERthyroidism