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MCAT > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

define hormone

A

secreted into bloodstream

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2
Q

two classes of hormones

A

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

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3
Q

hydrophilic hormones

A

peptides and aa derivatives

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4
Q

hydrophobic hormones

A

steroid

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5
Q

hydrophilic hormones bind to

A

receptors on cell surface

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6
Q

hydrophobic hormones bind to

A

receptors in cellular interior

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7
Q

peptide hormone structure

A

hydrophilic, large (polypeptides) or small (aa derived)

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8
Q

peptide hormone site of synthesis

A

rough ER

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9
Q

peptide hormone transport in bloodstream

A

free

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10
Q

peptide hormone specificity

A

only target cells have appropriate surface receptors (exception thyroxine-cytoplasmic)

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11
Q

peptide hormone mechanism of effect

A

bind to receptors that generate 2nd messengers which result in modification of enzyme activity

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12
Q

peptide hormone timing of effect

A

rapid, short lived

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13
Q

steroid hormone structure

A

hydrophobic, small

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14
Q

steroid hormone site of synthesis

A

smooth ER

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15
Q

steroid hormone regulation of release

A

synthesized only when needed and used immediately (not stored)

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16
Q

steroid hormone transport in bloodstream

A

stuck to protein carrier

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17
Q

steroid hormone mechanism of effect

A

bind to receptors that alter gene expression by regulating DNA transcription

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18
Q

steroid hormone timing of effect

A

slow, long lasting

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19
Q

tropic hormones are

A

hormones that regulate other hormones

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20
Q

secreted by anterior pituitary, stimulates increase in activity of adrenal cortex, regulates cortisol

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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21
Q

how does ACTH regulate cortisol

A

neg feedback

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22
Q

hormone secreted as cellular response to stress and serum (glucose)

A

cortisol

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23
Q

hypothalamus controls endocrine system by

A

releasing tropic hormones that regulate other tropic hormones

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24
Q

example of releasing and inhibiting factor/hormone

A

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH/CRF)

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25
Q

increases secretion of ACTH and is inhibited by Cortisol

A

CRH

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26
Q

hypothalamus controls (BLANK) pituitary

A

anterior

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27
Q

neurohypophysis

A

posterior pituitary

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28
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin) and Oxytocin

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29
Q

causes kidneys to retain H2O when thirsty

A

ADH

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30
Q

milk let down for nursing and uterine contractions for labor

A

oxytocin

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31
Q

what two hormones are important for metabolism and energy?

A

thyroid hormone and cortisol

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32
Q
  • from aa tyrosine
  • production increased by TSH which is regulated by CNS and hypothalamus
  • cold increases production
A

thyroid hormone

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33
Q

TSH increases production of

A

thyroid hormone

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34
Q

what regulates TSH

A

CNS and hypothalamus

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35
Q

functions of cortisol

A

stress, mobilize glycogen and fat stores, increase protein

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36
Q

concentration and dilution in body controlled by

A

ADH and aldosterone

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37
Q

when dehydrated, volume fluid (BLANK) in bloodstream and solute concentration (BLANK) in blood

A

low; high

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38
Q

hormone that prevents diuresis

A

ADH

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39
Q

define diuresis

A

H2O loss in urine

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40
Q

how does ADH prevent diuresis

A

incr water reabsorb, distal nephron becomes permeable to H2O

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41
Q

increase or decrease in bp triggers ADH

A

decrease

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42
Q

ADH is inhibited by

A

alcohol

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43
Q

aldosterone is what type of hormone

A

steroid

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44
Q

if bp decreases, what hormone besides ADH is released

A

aldosterone by adrenal cortex

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45
Q

functions of aldosterone

A

increase reabsorb of Na+ and increase H2O retention to increase BP

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46
Q

if bp decreases, juxtaglomerular cells secrete

A

renin enzyme

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47
Q

renin catalyzes what

A

angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

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48
Q

angiotensin I converts to

A

angiotensin II

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49
Q

what is the importance of angiotensin II

A

vasoconstrictor that increases BP and stimulates release of aldosterone

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50
Q
  • causes pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes
  • stimulates gallbladder contraction (bile release)
  • decreases gastric motility
A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

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51
Q
  • release in response to stomach acid
  • cause pancreas to release large amts of high PH aq buffer HCO3-
  • duodenal pH needs to be neutral/slightly basic
A

secretin

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52
Q

-decreases stomach emptying

A

enterogastrone

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53
Q

what are the endocrine pancreas hormones

A

glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

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54
Q

decrease in blood glucose

A

secretion of insulin

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55
Q

alpha cells secrete (BLANK) in response to decrease in bs

A

glucagon

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56
Q

mobilize stored fuels by stimulating liver to hydrolyze glycogen and release glucose into blood stream, stimulate adipocytes to release fat

A

glucagon

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57
Q

beta cells secrete (BLANK) in response to elevated BS

A

insulin

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58
Q

remove glucose from blood to store glycogen and fat

A

insulin

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59
Q

what pancreatic hormone inhibits digestion

A

somatostatin

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60
Q

what are the three hormones that raise blood glucose?

A

glucagon, epinephrine, and cortisol

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61
Q

polypeptide hormone from pancreas raise blood glucose

A

glucagon

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62
Q

aa derivative from adrenal medulla raise blood glucose

A

epinephrine

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63
Q

steroid/glucocorticoid from adrenal cortex raise blood glucose

A

cortisol

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64
Q

hormone that stimulates osteoclast activity

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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65
Q

hormone that increase reabsorb of calcium, stimulates conversion of vitamin D into calcitriol

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

66
Q

hormone that indirectly increases intestinal calcium absorption

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

67
Q

hormone that increases reabsorption of phosphorus

A

calcitriol

68
Q

hormone that increases intestinal absorption of calcium

A

calcitriol

69
Q

hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity

A

calcitonin

70
Q

hormone that decreases reabsorb calcium

A

calcitonin

71
Q

stimulates division of spermatogonia

A

testosterone

72
Q

stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

A

Luteneizing hormone (LH)

73
Q

stimulate sustenacular cells

A

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

74
Q

secreted by sustenacular cells and inhibits FSH release

A

inhibin

75
Q

male develop and maintenance hormone

A

androgens

76
Q

female develop and maintenance hormone

A

estrogens

77
Q

increase testosterone/estrogen

A

secondary sex characteristics

78
Q

(BLANK) hormone from hypothalamus stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

79
Q

in men, LH acts on (BLANK) to stimulate (BLANK)

A

interstitial cells; testosterone production

80
Q

in men, FSH stimulates

A

sustenacular cells

81
Q

in women, FSH stimulates (BLANK) to secrete (BLANK)

A

granulose cells; estrogen

82
Q

in women, LH stimulates formation of

A

corpus lutetium and progesterone secretion

83
Q

pregnancy hormone

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

84
Q

releasing and inhibiting factors (peptides) belong in what gland

A

hypothalamus

85
Q

what is the target/effect of releasing and inhibiting factors

A

anterior pituitary/modify activity

86
Q

peptide hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

A

growth hormone (GH) and prolactin

87
Q

hormone that increases bone and muscle growth, increases cell turnover rate

A

growth hormone

88
Q

hormone that is involved in mammary gland/milk production

A

prolactin

89
Q

what are the two tropic hormones and are they peptides or steroids?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-peptide

90
Q

what are the gonadotropic hormones, peptide or steroid?

A

luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), peptide

91
Q

increase synthesis and release of TH

A

TSH

92
Q

increase growth and secretory activity of adrenal cortex

A

ACTH

93
Q

ovary/ovulation, testes/testosterone synthesis

A

LH

94
Q

ovary develop, testes/spermatogenesis

A

FSH

95
Q

posterior pituitary hormones, peptide or steroid?

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) and oxytocin, peptide

96
Q

kidney/water retention

A

ADH

97
Q

breast/milk letdown, uterus contraction

A

Oxytocin

98
Q

thyroid hormone

A

thyroid hormone (TH, thyroxine); modified aa

99
Q

child: necessary for physical and mental develop
adult: increase metabolic rate and temp

A

thyroid hormone

100
Q

thyroid C cells are the gland for what hormone

A

calcitonin (peptide)

101
Q

bone, kidney; lowers serum [Ca2+]

A

calcitonin

102
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a peptide secreted by what gland

A

parathyroids

103
Q

bone, kidney, small intestine; raises serum [Ca2+]

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

104
Q

what hormone is produced by thymus gland and why is it significant

A

thymosin (children only), T cell develop

105
Q

hormone(s) secreted by adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine (modified aa)

106
Q

sympathetic stress response (rapid)

A

epinephrine

107
Q

hormone(s) secreted by adrenal cortex

A

cortisol (glucocorticoid), aldosterone (mineralocorticoid), sex steroids

108
Q

adrenal cortex hormone(s) steroid or peptide

A

steroid

109
Q

longer term stress response; increase blood (glucose); increase protein catabolism; decrease inflammation and immunity

A

cortisol

110
Q

kidney/increase Na+ reabsorb to increase bp

A

aldosterone

111
Q

adrenal tumor can overproduce these

A

sex steroids

112
Q

endocrine pancreas (islets of Langerhans) hormone(s); peptide or steroid

A

insulin, glucagon, somatostatin (peptides)

113
Q

absent or ineffective in diabetes mellitus

A

insulin

114
Q

decrease blood (glucose) and increase glycogen and fat storage

A

insulin

115
Q

increase blood (glucose) and decrease glycogen and fat storage

A

glucagon

116
Q

testosterone is a peptide or steroid

A

steroid

117
Q

testes produce

A

testosterone

118
Q

ovaries/placenta produce

A

estrogen and progesterone

119
Q

male characteristics; spermatogenesis

A

testosterone

120
Q

female characteristics; endometrial growth

A

estrogen

121
Q

endometrial secretion, pregnancy

A

progesterone

122
Q

heart secretes what hormone

A

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

123
Q

kidney/increase urination to decrease bp

A

heart

124
Q

erythropoietin hormone with what gland

A

kidney

125
Q

bone marrow/increase RBC synthesis

A

erythropoietin

126
Q

aldosterone source

A

adrenal cortex

127
Q

causes sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion by increasing the synthesis of basolateral Na+/K+ ATPases in the distal nephron. end result: increased serum [Na+], increased blood volume, and increase bp

A

aldosterone

128
Q

ADH source

A

posterior pituitary

129
Q

secreted when plasma volume is too low, bp is too low, or plasma osmolarity is too high; causes water reabsorption by causing epithelial cells of distal nephron to become permeable to water, which allows water to flow out of filtrate. vasa recta return water to bloodstream. result is more concentrated urine and diluted blood

A

ADH

130
Q

what two hormones work together to increase bp

A

ADH and aldosterone

131
Q

how to ADH and aldosterone work together

A

aldosterone causes Na+ reabsorb, increase plasma osmolarity causes ADH to be secreted to increase water reabsorb and increase plasma vol

132
Q

calcitonin source

A

C cells

133
Q

C cells located in thyroid gland but don’t secrete TH. They secrete (BLANK) when the serum [Ca2+] is too high which causes [Ca2+] to be removed from blood

A

calcitonin

134
Q

parathyroid hormone source

A

parathyroid

135
Q

what opposes calcitonin

A

PTH

136
Q

EPO source

A

kidney

137
Q

(BLANK) causes increase synthesis of red blood cells in bone marrow, released when blood oxygen content falls

A

EPO

138
Q

what are the hormones affecting or secreted by kidney?

A

aldosterone, ADH, calcitonin, PTH, EPO

139
Q

anterior pituitary also known as

A

adrenohypophysis

140
Q

posterior pituitary also known as

A

neurohypophysis

141
Q

anterior pituitary made of and makes

A

made of gland tissue/ makes and secretes 6 major hormones

142
Q

anterior pituitary makes and secretes which hormones

A

FLAT PiG (FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin, GH)

143
Q

what are the tropic hormones?

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, GH

144
Q

tropic means

A

hormones control release other hormones

145
Q

hypothalamus is controlled

A

humorally and neurally

146
Q

what are the gonadotrophic hormones?

A

FSH, LH

147
Q

hormone essential to pubertal development and the function of women’s ovaries and men’s testes. In women, this hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation. It also increases oestradiol production. In men, follicle stimulating hormone acts on the Sertoli cells of the testes to stimulate sperm production (spermatogenesis).

A

FSH

148
Q

in females, triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone

A

LH

149
Q

regulate levels of the steroid hormone cortisol, which released from the adrenal gland

A

ACTH

150
Q

stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine, and then triiodothyronine which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body

A

TSH

151
Q

stimulates breast development and milk production in women

A

Prolactin

152
Q

somatotropin stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration in humans and other animals

A

GH

153
Q 
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
amylin
angiotensin
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
calcitonin
cholecystokinin (CCK)
gastrin
ghrelin
glucagon
growth hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
insulin
leptin
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
oxytocin
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
prolactin
renin
somatostatin
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
vasopressin
vasoactive intestinal peptide
A

peptide hormones

154
Q

testosterone, androstenedione, aldosterone, estradiol, cortisol, progesterone

A

steroid hormones

155
Q

posterior pituitary made of and hormones

A

made of neural tissue, doesn’t make any of the hormones it secretes, stores and releases 2 hypothalamic hormones

156
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

vasopressin (ADH), oxytocin

157
Q

ADH and oxytocin produced by

A

neurons in hypothalamus

158
Q

angiotensin II increases

A

aldosterone release

159
Q

angiotensin II–> aldosterone pathway

A

aldosterone increase Na+ reabsorb, increases blood osmolarity, ADH release,H2O reabsorption, blood vol, and bp

160
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) inhibits

A

aldosterone release

MCAT (7 decks)

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