Hormones

Question 1

GnRH (Gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Answer 1

• Source: Hypothalamus
• Target Organ: Anterior Pituitary Gland (AP)
• Biological Action: it stimulates the release of FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone)

Question 2

CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone)

Answer 2

• Source: Hypothalamus
• Target Organ: Anterior Pituitary Gland (AP)/ adenohypophysis
• Biological Action: It stimulates the release of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Question 3

TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

Answer 3

• Source: hypothalamus
• Target Organ: Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Biological Action: stimulates the release of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

Question 4

OXY (Oxytocin)

Answer 4

• Source: hypothalamus but stored in Posterior Pituitary Gland.
• Target Organ: smooth muscle (uterus)
• Biological Action: stimulates contractions

Question 5

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

Answer 5

• Source: hypothalamus (stored in PP/ neurohypophysis)
• Target Organ: Kidney- nephron (DCT and CD)
• Biological Action: stimulates reabsorption of water

Question 6

Melatonin

Answer 6

• Source: pineal gland
• Target Organ: hypothalamus
• Biological Action: regulates sleep/wake cycle
  hydrophilic (water-soluble)

Question 7

FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)

Answer 7

• Source: Anterior Pituitary Gland (gonadotrophs/GnRH)
• Target Organ: gonads (ovaries and testes)
• Biological Action: stimulate follicle (hair) development and sperm production (gamate formation)

Question 8

LH (Luteinizing hormone)

Answer 8

• Source: Anterior Pituitary (gonadotrophs/GnRH)
• Target Organ: gonads (ovaries and testes)
• Biological Action: stimulates E2 and P4 production (ovulation). Stimulates T production.
• Stimulates ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone; stimulates testis to produce testosterone; stimulates ovulation*

Question 9

GH (Growth hormone) (somatotrophs)

Answer 9

• Source: AP (Somatotrophs: cells that produce and secrete GH)
• Target Organ: bone and muscles
• Biological Action: stimulates growth

Question 10

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Answer 10

• Source: AP (corticotropes)
• Target Organ: Adrenal Cortex
• Biological Action: stimulates the release of hormones from the adrenal cortex.

Question 11

TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)

Answer 11

• Source: AP (thyrotrophs)
• Target Organ: thyroid gland
• Biological Action: stimulates the release of thyroid hormones (T3: triiodothyronine and T4: thyroxine)

Question 12

PRL (Prolactin)

Answer 12

• Source: AP (lactotrophs)
• Target Organ: mammary glands
• Biological Action: stimulates milk production

Question 13

Calcitonin

Answer 13

• Source: Thyroid Gland
• Target Organ: Bone
• Biological Action: stimulates osteoblast (build up) activity. Decreases blood calcium levels

Question 14

T3 and T4 (Thyroid Hormones) (triiodothyronine) (thyroxine)

Answer 14

• Source: Thyroid gland
• Target Organ: most body cells
• Biological Action: regulates metabolism, thermoregulation, and promote growth and development.

Question 15

PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)

Answer 15

• Source: Parathyroid Gland
• Target Organ: bone, small intestine, and kidney
• Biological Action: it stimulates osteoclast (break down) activity and releases calcium into the blood. Stimulates absorption and reabsorption of Ca+2. Elevates blood calcium levels

Question 16

Aldosterone

Answer 16

• Source: Adrenal Cortex
• Target Organ: Kidney (nephron- DCT: most mitochondria rich segment)
• Biological Action: stimulates reabsorption of sodium; water follows the resorbed sodium ions by osmosis

Question 17

Cortisol

Answer 17

• Source: Adrenal Cortex
• Target Organ: most body cells, liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.
• Biological Action: regulates glucose metabolism, gluconeogenesis, breakdown muscle proteins.

Question 18

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

Answer 18

• Source: Adrenal Medulla
• Target Organ: Sympathetic (fight or flight, nervous system) target Organs
• Biological Action: stimulates (enhance) & inhibits (stops) muscle/gland activity. Increase heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate. Decreases digestive activity.

Question 19

Insulin

Answer 19

• Source: Pancreas ( secreted by Beta Cells)
• Target Organ: body cells and liver
• Biological Action: stimulates the absorption (uptake) of glucose. stimulates a conversion of glucose to glycogen. Lowers blood glucose levels.

Question 20

Glucagon

Answer 20

• Source: Pancreas (secreted by Alpha Cells)
• Target Organ: liver
• Biological Action: stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. Raise blood glucose levels.

Question 21

Estrogen

Answer 21

• Source: Ovary
• Target Organ: Uterus
• Biological Action: stimulates the repair of the uterine endometrium (a lining inside the uterus)

Question 22

Progesterone

Answer 22

• Source: Ovary
• Target Organ: Uterus
• Biological Action: prepares the uterus for pregnancy.

Question 23

Testosterone

Answer 23

• Source: Testis
• Target Organ: testis, accessory sex organs, skin, muscle, bone
• Biological Action: it stimulates sperm development (spermatogenesis), enlargement of testes and accessory sex organs at puberty. It causes development of secondary sex characteristics. Enlargement of the larynx, increased muscle class, and facial hair.