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PR MCAT Biology/Biochem > Hormones > Flashcards

Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A 
Mnemonic = FLAT PEG
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (luteinizing hormone)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
Prolactin 
Endorphins
GH (growth hormone)
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2
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)

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3
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for FSH?

A

ovary/follicle development

testes/spermatogenesis

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4
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for LH?

A

ovary/ovulation

testes/testosterone synthesis

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5
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for ACTH?

A

increases growth and secretory activity of adrenal cortex

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6
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for TSH?

A

thyroid/increases synthesis and release of TH

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7
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for Prolactin?

A

mammary gland/milk production

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8
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for GH?

A

increases bone and muscle growth; increases cell turnover rate

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9
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for ADH/vasopressin?

A

kidneys/water retention

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10
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for oxytocin?

A

breast/milk letdown, uterus contraction

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11
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for TH (thyroxine)?

A

child: necessary for physical and mental development
adult: increases metabolic rate and temp

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12
Q

What hormone does thyroid C cells produce?

A

calcitonin

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13
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for calcitonin?

A

bone, kidneys; lowers serum Ca++

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14
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for parathyroid hormone?

A

bone, kidneys, small intestine; raises serum Ca++

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15
Q

What hormone is produced by the thymus?

A

thymosin (in child only)

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16
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for thymosin?

A

T cell development during childhood

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17
Q

What hormone is released by the adrenal medulla?

A

epinephrine

18
Q

What hormones are released by the adrenal cortex?

A

cortisol (“glucocorticoid”) (steroid)
aldosterone (“mineralcorticoid”) (steroid)
sex steroids

19
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for cortisol (glucocorticoid)

A

released during longer-term stress response; increases BG and protein catabolism; decreases inflammation and immunity; many others

20
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for aldosterone (mineralcorticoid)

A

kidneys/increases Na+ reabsorption to increase BP

21
Q

An adrenal tumor can cause overproduction of sex steroids, which can cause _____ or ______

A

masculinization or feminization

22
Q

What hormone is released by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas?

A

insulin

23
Q

Which cells of the pancreas release insulin?

A

B cells

24
Q

insulin secretion causes a decrease in BG, and an increase in ____ and ____ storage

A

glycogen and fat

25
Q

Which cells of the pancreas release glucagon?

A

alpha cells

26
Q

Which cells of the pancreas release somatostatin?

A

delta cells

27
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for somatostatin?

A

inhibits many digestive processes

28
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for testosterone?

A

male characteristics, spermatogenesis

29
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for estrogen?

A

female characteristics, endometrial growth

30
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for progesterone?

A

endometrial secretion, pregnancy

31
Q

What hormone is released by the heart?

A

atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)

32
Q

What is the effect of and target organ for atrial natriuretic factor?

A

kidney/increases urination to decrease BP

33
Q

What hormone is released by the kidneys?

A

erythropoietin; bone marrow/increases production of RBCs

34
Q

What is the site of synthesis for peptide hormones? for lipid hormones?

A 
peptide = rough ER
lipid = smooth ER
35
Q

What is the regulation of release for peptide and steroid hormones? (aka how are the intracellularly stored?)

A

peptide hormones = stored in vesicles until a signal for secretion is released

steroid hormones = synthesized only when needed and then used immediately, not stored

36
Q

How are peptide hormones and steroid hormones transported through the bloodstream?

A

Peptide hormones travel freely, whereas steroids are stuck to protein carriers

37
Q

Peptide hormone only target cells that have the appropriate ____ receptors (with the exception of thyroxine)

A

surface

38
Q

Steroid hormones only target cells that have the appropriate ____ receptors

A

cytoplasmic

39
Q

What is the mechanism of effect for peptide hormones?

A

they bind to receptors that generate second messengers which result in modification of enzyme activity

40
Q

What is the mechanism of steroid hormones?

A

bind to receptors that alter gene expression by regulating DNA transcription

41
Q

What is the timing of effect for peptide hormones and steroid hormones?

A

peptide hormones = rapid and short lived

steroid hormones = slow onset but long lasting

42
Q

The hypothalamic portal system consists of 2 ______ _____ in sequence

A

capillary beds

PR MCAT Biology/Biochem (13 decks)

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