hormones and diseases of the digestive system

Question 1

the major gastro hormones

Answer 1

1. gastrin,
2. enterogastrone,
3. secretin,
4. cholecystokinin pancreozymins,
5. duocrinin
6. enterocrinin
7. vasoactive intestinal peptide
8. somatostatin
9. pancreatic polypeptide
10. villikinin

Question 2

gastrin

Answer 2

from stomach
target stomach
release of gastric juices

Question 3

enterogastrone

Answer 3

gastric inhibitory
from duodenum
target stomach
slows gastric contraction and inhibits its secretions

Question 4

secretin

Answer 4

the first hormone discovered
from duodenum
target pancreas liver and stomach
release bicarbonates in pancreatic juice, release bile and suppress gastric juice

Question 5

cholecystokinin pancreozymins(CCK-PZ)

Answer 5

from small intestine
target gall bladder and pancreas
contracts the gall bladder to release bile
signals the pancreas to release pancreatic juices

Question 6

duocrinin

Answer 6

from duodenum
target duodenum
signals Brunner’s glands to secrete mucus

Question 7

enterocrinin

Answer 7

from small intestine
target small intestine
signals crypts of lieberkuhn to secrete intestinal juices

Question 8

vasoactive intestinal peptide

Answer 8

from small intestine
target small intestine and stomach
dilates peripheral blood vessels of the gut
inhibits gastic acid secretion

Question 9

somatostatin(part 1)

Answer 9

from delta cells of islets of Langerhans
target to pancreas and GI tracts
inhibits the secretion of glucagon by alpha cells and insulin by beta cells
inhibits absorption of nutrients from GI tract

Question 10

villikinin

Answer 10

from small intestine
target small intestine
accelerates movements of villi

Question 11

somatostatin(part 2)

Answer 11

from argentaffin cells of gastric and intestinal glands
target GI tract
suppresses the release of hormones from the GI tract

Question 12

pancreatic polypeptide(PP)

Answer 12

from pancreatic polypeptide cells
to pancreas
inhibits the release of pancreatic juice from the pancreas

Question 13

the chief source of energy/metabolic fuels in humans

Answer 13

carbohydrates, proteins and fats

they are oxidised and transformed to ATP,the chemical energy drives the cells

Question 14

whats gross calorific value

Answer 14

amount of heat produced on combustion of 1 g of food

Question 15

the calorific value of carbohydrates, proteins, fats

Answer 15

4. 1kcal/g
5. 65kcal/g
6. 45kcal/g

Question 16

physiological value of food

Answer 16

4kcal/g for proteins and carbohydrates and 9kcal for fats

Question 17

PEM

Answer 17

protein energy malnutrition
deficiency of vitamin,iron and iodine,energy,protein
young children(0-6 years) require more protein than adults

Question 18

two types of PEM

Answer 18

kwashiorkor and marasmus

Question 19

kwashiorkor

Answer 19

protein deficiency
1-5 years age
wasted muscle
thin limbs 
regarding growth
water retention in legs
reddish hair,diarrhoea and pot belly

Question 20

marasmus

Answer 20

protein and calorie deficiency
infants below the age of 1
impaired growth and replacement of tissue proteins
thin limbs
prominent limbs
dry thin wrinkled skin
diarrhoea

Question 21

vitamin A(retinol)

Answer 21

carrot,tomato,papaya,mango,milk,eggs,cod liver oil
vision,growth and diff of epithelial tissue
deficiency:night blindness ,xerophthalmia,abnormal epithelial cell growth
first fat soluble vitamin discovered

Question 22

vitamin D(calciferol)

Answer 22

cod liver oil,skin(in the presence of sunlight)
absorption of ca ions from the GI tract and calcium deposition in bones
deficiency: rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
behaves more like a hormone rather than cofactor of an enzyme

Question 23

vitamin E (tocopherol)

Answer 23

wheat germ, green leafy veggies, fats of vegetable origin
good antioxidant, necessary for the proper functioning of the reproductive organs and muscles, maintaining the structure of RBC
deficiency: reproductive failure

Question 24

vitamin K derivatives

Answer 24

k1(phylloquinone)
k2 (menaquinone)
k3 (menadione)-synthetic

Question 25

vitamin k

Answer 25

leafy vegetables, wheat germ, bacteria of large intestine helps in blood clotting deficiency: excessive bleeding interesting fact: meliotus indica (fodder and green manure ) contains a green substance called dicumarol that prevents the action of vit k

Question 26

fat soluble vitamins

Answer 26

a,k,d,e

Question 27

water soluble vitamins

Answer 27

b,c

Question 28

vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Answer 28

whole grain,wheat germ,legumes,nuts,fish essential for growth and repair of tissues deficiency:beri-beri in alcoholics it causes the disease Wernicke's syndrome and korsakoffs's syndrome , as alcohol interferes with B1 metabolism in liver

Question 29

vitamin B2(riboflavin)

Answer 29

aka yellow enzyme milk cheese meat eggs legumes wheat germ mushrooms green leafy veg helps RBC production and acts as FAD(in ETC and TCA cycle) and as FMN( in ETC) deficiency:cheliosis

Question 30

vitamin B3(niacin)

Answer 30

whole grain nuts,legumes,fish,meat poultry,liver ,yeast nad and nadp in TCA cycle deficiency: pellagra

Question 31

vitamin B5(pantothenic acid)

Answer 31

yeast, milk, egg yolk, wheat germ, meat, honey, groundnut, tomatoes for healthy skin and hair, it forms coenzyme A in the TCA cycle deficiency: dermatitis, loss of hair, greying of hair

Question 32

vitamin B6(pyridoxine)

Answer 32

whole grain ,cerelas,peanuts,banana,soybean,meat.vegetables protein metabolism deficieny: retarded growth,anaemia,dermatitis,nausea

Question 33

biotin(vitamin B7)

Answer 33

egg yolk,milk,nuts,honey,liver,meat,fish carbs and fat protein metabolism deficiency:poor growth,loss of muscular control,weight loss, loss of appetite,hair fall the white of the egg contains avidin protein which degrades this vitamin

Question 34

vitamin B9 (folic acid)

Answer 34

green leafy vegetables essential for the formation of RBC,increase appetite deficiency: megaloblastic anaemia

Question 35

vitamin B12(cyanocobalamin)

Answer 35

spirulina,liver,meat,eggs.fish.milk rbc production,DNA synthesis, proper functioning of the neurological system deficiency: pernicious anaemia

Question 36

vitamin B17(laetrile)

Answer 36

wheat grass juice | anticancer property

Question 37

vitamin C(ascorbic acid)

Answer 37

citrus,amla,chillies,guava,tomato essential for the formation of RBC,production of antibodies,bones,teeth,gums and acts as an antioxidant deficiency:scurvy alcoholics are low in vitamin C

Question 38

jaundice

Answer 38

yellowing of skin,eyes liver damage extra bilirubin in blood

Question 39

vomiting

Answer 39

antiperistalsis of stomach contents,reflex action induced by the medulla

Question 40

diarrhoea

Answer 40

frequency of bowel movements and liquidity of faecal matter | reduced absorption of food

Question 41

constipation

Answer 41

poop retained in the rectum

Question 42

indigestion

Answer 42

anxiety, food poisoning, deficiency of enzymes, overeating, spicy food cause the food not be broken down fully

Question 43

heartburn

Answer 43

acid reflux in the oesophagus that feels like the heart burning

Question 44

appendicitis

Answer 44

inflammation of the appendix that it might burst and release bacteria and can cause death

Question 45

hernia

Answer 45

protrusion of the intestine in the inguinal canal

Question 46

nausea

Answer 46

discomfort while vomiting due to distension of the stomach

Question 47

Basal metabolic rate

Answer 47

the minimum energy required for maintaining body during rest or sleep 1600 kcal/day

Question 48

routine metabolic rate

Answer 48

the energy requirement of a moderately active person | 2200 -2800 kcal/day

Question 49

choleretic

Answer 49

increased bile secretion from the liver

Question 50

achalasia cardia

Answer 50

failure of the cardiac sphincter and therefore the accumulation of food in the proximal part of the oesophagus distends the oesophagus