Horticulture & Soils Terms Flashcards

Question

Apical dominance

Answer 1

A phenomenon in plants where a top shoot (apical) dominates and inhibits the outgrowth of other (lateral) shoots.

Answer 2

Development of root, stem, or leaf tissues 1. Seed germination - beginning of growth & development. Starts when a seed takes in H2O and ends when the seedling is self sustaining 2. Juvenility- from seedling stage to maturity. Vigorous growth stage. 3. Maturity- when the plant is fully developed & capable of initiating flowers. Bulbs, tubers, fleshy roots & runners also can develop at this stage.

Answer 3

Development of flower, fruit, and seed tissues. Flower induction- begins when meristems (buds, shoots) are induced to produce reproductive organs (flowers). Ends with fruit formation or senescence. Flower & fruit development- pollination, fertilization, fruit set Fruit ripening- sugars & aromatic compounds accumulate to contribute to flavor.

Answer 4

The induction of the flowering process by exposure to long periods of cold.

Answer 5

Toughening plants for transplant by gradual sun exposure and withholding H2O, nitrogen fertilizer

Answer 6

The stalk that joins a leaf blade to a stem. Supports leaves turning to collect the sun. Not all leaves have petioles.

Answer 7

The leaf blade in a monocot (grass), which sits above the collar (meristematic tissue) and sheath (stem).

Answer 8

A band of meristematic tissue in monocots that sits above the Sheath (stem) and below the Lamina (blade).

Answer 9

The name for the stem in monocots (grasses). It sits below the Collar and Lamina ( leaf blade).

Answer 10

Have both male and female parts. Most plants have perfect flowers. Male parts- STAMEN: anther; filament Female parts- PISTIL: stigma, style, ovary

Answer 11

Have either male or female parts, not both. Male only- Staminate Female only- Pistilate Monoecious- male and female flowers are separate but on the same plant Dioecious- male and female flowers are on different plants.

Answer 12

Have a head of flowers that looks like a single flower but is comprised of many smaller flowers (florets). The Daisy family is a good example. Ray flowers (male) Disk flowers (female)

Answer 13

Physical rather than biological.

Answer 14

Division Domain Subdivision. Kingdom Class. Phylum Order. Order Family. Family Genus. Genus Species. Species

Answer 15

Structures within a plant that receive food priority; includes meristems and fruits

Answer 16

Plant part that contains a mature, swollen ovary and the seed

Answer 17

Contain embryonic plant tissue in a dormant state with food reserves to sustain it through germination

Answer 18

Small leaflike structures at the base of flowers. Sits above the receptacle. (Examples- cap on a tomato or a strawberry)

Answer 19

Sits below the sepal. This is where the floral structures are attached to the plant

Answer 20

Meristematic structures along the stem comprised of compressed, immature leafy shoots, flowers or both.

Answer 21

The interval on the stem between the nodes

Answer 22

The process in which the apical meristem (growing tip) of a flowering plant switches from vegetative growth to reproductive growth and becomes competent to develop flowers.

Answer 23

The transfer of pollen to the female style, ovary , or flower to enable fertilization

Answer 24

The male reproductive parts of a flower, comprising the anther and the filament

Answer 25

The female parts of a flower, comprising the stigma, style, and ovary

Answer 26

Angiosperms in which the male and female flowers are on the same plant.

Answer 27

Angiosperms in which the male and female flowers are on separate plants.

Answer 28

Pressure exerted by fluids in a cell that pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall, giving rigidity to the plant tissue.

Answer 29

A polysaccharide that serves as a cementing agent between cells

Answer 30

Arise from some part of the plant other than roots.

Answer 31

Has multiple petioles and blade segments that are called leaflets.

Answer 32

Species that need exposure to cold temps (< 45) to germinate

Answer 33

First thing to emerge from a germinating seed- a tiny bit of root

Answer 34

Structure that emerges from a germinating seed and becomes the stem

Answer 35

First leaves to emerge from a germinating seed. They don’t photosynthesize though, just give stored energy to feed the growing plant until the true leaves come out.

Answer 36

A measure of Soil fitness as medium for growing plants

Answer 37

The relative proportions of Sand, Silt, and clay mineral particles

Answer 38

The attraction of ions or molecules to the surface of a solid (such as soil). Ex. Clay soil carries a net negative charge and attracts positively charged ions (Mg, Ca, K, NH4 etc. )

Answer 39

Active or passive movement into something. Example- movement of ions or water into roots

Answer 40

Measures the amount of cations that can be adsorbed or held by a soil. It’s important because when cations are released from the soil they can be available for absorption by roots. Higher capacity= more fertile soil.

Answer 41

A measure of the air or pore space in a soil (it does not measure pore size though)

Answer 42

The way in which groups of soil particles (aggregates or peds) are arranged.

Answer 43

A measure of factors influencing soil formation: CLimate Organisms Relief Parent material Time

Answer 44

Beneficial micro organisms ( bacteria & fungi). That decompose organic material into humus and available nutrients.

Answer 45

Associations between plant roots and soil fungi. >75% of plants form these associations. Most are beneficial to both organisms.

Answer 46

The strength of soil water adhesion

Answer 47

The max amount of water a soil can hold against the downward force of gravity after a soil has been saturated.

Answer 48

The amount of water remaining in the soil when the water in the soil is held too tightly for plants to absorb it and plants wilt permanently

Answer 49

The soil water held between FC (field capacity) and PWP (permanent wilt percentage

Answer 50

The loss of water , dissolved nutrients, and salts that move down into the soil profile beyond the root zone.

Answer 51

When water moves into the soil and doesn’t run off.

Answer 52

Movement of water THROUGH the soil, deeper into the soil horizon. it is often accompanied by leaching.

Answer 53

Sand, silt, clay

Answer 54

Carbon-based compounds; living organisms in the soil, roots, anything that was once alive and in the process of or already has decomposed.

Answer 55

Sand, silt, clay, and organic matter bound together into water-stable aggregates. They can look like peas or cottage cheese in the soil.

Answer 56

How the parent rock breaks apart, related to how water is able to move through the soil.

Answer 57

The arrangement of aggregates built by the microbial community so there is space for H2O & gas to move into and be held in pore spaces and move deeper into The soil.

Answer 58

Space where H2O & gas can be held in soil.

Answer 59

Substance that provides nourishment, promotes growth, or provides energy to sustain life.

Answer 60

The potential of hydrogen. The acidity or alkalinity of a solution. The relative concentration of H+ and OH- ions in soil.

Answer 61

Free flowing water in the soil that occupies soil pore spaces and contains nutrients, microbes etc.

Answer 62

An atom or molecule with a positive or negative charge

Answer 63

An ion with a net positive electrical charge

Answer 64

An ion with a net negative electrical charge

Answer 65

All living organisms and how they interact in the soil

Answer 66

Organisms so small they require a microscope to be seen. Main soil microbes: Bacteria Fungi Protozoa Nematodes Microarthropods

Answer 67

The way nutrients change form as they go through different organisms

Answer 68

The area immediately around plant roots comprising roots and symbiotic mycorrhizal fungi.

Answer 69

The substances that come out of roots , many of which are the result of photosynthesis.

Answer 70

Organisms that decompose organic matter and can extract minerals from parent rock. Also known as decomposers.

Answer 71

Organisms that associate with other organisms, typically in a mutually beneficial way.

Answer 72

How soil forms

Answer 73

The combination of layers or soil ‘horizons’ of a given soil. Most soils have 3 major horizons (A,B,C). O- humus or organic A- topsoil E- eluviated B- subsoil C- parent soil R- bedrock (not part of the soil)

Answer 74

Process that impairs the capacity of soil to function. Can be caused by humans or nature. Examples: Salinization, contamination, desertification, erosion.

Answer 75

A cyclical nutrient uptake mechanism in which plant roots engulf microbes, extract nutrients and then expel them into the rhizosphere to repeat the cycle.

Answer 76

Material put on top of soil. Can be carbon based (wood chips, bark, straw) which hold moisture in. Can be mineral based like pebbles, rock dust, or sand.

Answer 77

Organic matter that has been broken down, usually under aerobic conditions, so that the original material is no longer recognizable. Can be completely plant based or contain animal manure.

Answer 78

A substance added to soil to alter one or more of its physical, chemical or biological properties. Examples; compost, worm castings, manure, wood fines, coir, lime, gypsum.

Answer 79

Commonly used to mean an organic or synthetic substance added to soil to provide plants with essential nutrients. Labeled with NPK ratio (by weight)

Answer 80

Fertilizers that contain carbon. Microbes may be required to make the fertilizer available to plants.

Answer 81

Chemically manufactured materials containing one or more essential nutrients. The nutrients are in a form the plant can directly take up.

Answer 82

An ecosystem based strategy that focuses on long term prevention of pests and disease/damage. Uses biological, cultural, mechanical/physical, and chemical controls in a way that minimizes risks to the health of humans, beneficial organisms, and the environment.

Answer 83

A chemical compound or biological product used to kill, control growth, or repel a specific organism. Includes; herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, pesticides.

Answer 84

A structure that sits on top of the soil rather than an impermeable surface. Water and roots can move into the soil below.

Answer 85

A vessel either with a bottom or that sits on a solid surface like concrete or asphalt.

Answer 86

Soil that does not absorb water.

Answer 87

Has reduced pore space making it difficult for water and air to penetrate Is difficult to irrigate and may erode due to water runoff.

Answer 88

Sand, silt, clay and larger materials; lava rock, pebbles, vermiculite, perlite. Will not break down significantly over time. Can become compacted if not cared for.

Answer 89

Consists of plant or animal tissue in various stages of decomposition (compost, woody amendment, coir, organic fertilizers). Serves as food for microbes, which may cause the soil level to drop.

Answer 90

Inorganic soil additives examples; greensand (K and Fe), gypsum (Sulfer and Ca), and lime (Ca). Some impact soil pH.

Answer 91

The process of capturing and storing carbon dioxide. Goal is to stabilize Carbon in solid and dissolved forms to minimize impact on global warming.

Answer 92

Describes the reflectivity of a surface.

Answer 93

Urbanized areas that experience higher temps than outlying areas. Roads, buildings, and other infrastructure absorb and re-emit the suns heat more so than natural landscapes.

Horticulture & Soils Terms Flashcards

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