hosa Flashcards
(223 cards)
1
Q
Central Nervous system (CNS)
A
includes the brain and spinal cord
2
Q
brainstem
A
contains midbrain, medulla, and pons
3
Q
medulla
A
controls vital body functions ex: heart rate, breathing
4
Q
pons
A
control the management of sleep, arousal, facial expression
5
Q
cerebellum
A
maintaining balance and motor coordination
6
Q
reticular formation
A
controls mood, arousal, sleep; major source of serotonin and norepinephrine
7
Q
cerebellum
A
contains more neurons than the rest of the brain
8
Q
midbrain
A
controls sensory reflexes, movement, pain
9
Q
thalamus
A
controls sensation, memory, states of consciousness; receives sensory input from most systems
10
Q
basal ganglia
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voluntary movement; degeneration in Parkinson’s, also involved in OCD and ADHD
11
Q
hypothalamus
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involved w/ motivation and homeostasis; regulates temperature, hunger thirst; directs ANS and endocrine system
12
Q
hippocampus
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formation of long term memories
13
Q
amygdala
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fear and aggression
13
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cingulate cortex
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directs ANS; plays role in decision making, emotion, anticipation of reward, empathy
14
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corpus callosum
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connects hemispheres
14
Q
nucleus accumbens
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reward and pleasure
15
Q
cerebral cortex
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thin layer of gray matter covering cerebral hemispheres
16
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frontal lobe
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primary motor cortex and areas responsible for most complex cognitive processes
17
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Broca’s area
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speech production in left hemisphere
18
Q
orbitofrontal cortex
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emotion, impulse control
19
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prefrontal cortex
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planning behavior, attention, and judgement
20
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occipital lobe
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primary visual cortex
21
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parietal lobe
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primary somatosensory cortex (involved in neglect syndrome)
22
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temporal lobe
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primary auditory cortex
23
lateralization
localization of function in one of the hemispheres (Ex: language lateralized in the left hemisphere)
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Peripheral Nervous System
nerves and ganglia outside the CNS; contains somatic and autonomic nervous systems
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somatic nervous system
transmits commands for voluntary movement
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autonomic nervous system
controls glands and organs; contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
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sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight; expenditure of energy
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parasympathetic nervous system
rest and digest; storage of energy
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enteric nervous system
nerve cells embedded in lining of gastrointestinal system; communicates with endocrine system; source of 95% of boys serotonin
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endocrine system
responsible for release of hormones into bloodstream; responses to input from hypothalamus
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pineal gland
releases melatonin; maintenance of sleep-wake cycles
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pituitary gland
master gland; stimulates activity of other glands
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main parts of the neuron
soma (cell body), axons (transmit info), dendrites (receive info)
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glial cells
provide structural matrix, clean up debris, form blood-brain barrier
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myelin
insulating material covering axons; increase conduction
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glial cells
cells that form scar tissue in the brain and spinal cord
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young adulthood
The prefrontal cortex in myelinated in
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action potential
electrical signal arising in a neurons axon
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resting potential
electrical charge across membrane when neuron is not firing
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action
The _________ potential is initiated when the membrane is depolarized to threshold
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synapse
point of communication between neurons
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neurotransmitter
chemical messenger that communicates across a synapse
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receptor
where neurotransmitter binds
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reuptake
NT reabsorbed by neuron that released it
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acetylcholine
NT involved in movement, memory, ANS function
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epinephrine
NT involved in arousal
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norepinephrine
NT involved in arousal and vigilance; released by SNS; disruptions in PTSD and bipolar disorder
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dopamine
NT involved in movement, planning, and reward; receptors die in Parkinson's, overactive in Schizophrenia
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serotonin
NT involved in mood, appetite, sleep; associated with depression
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endorphins
pain; opioid drugs mimic endorphins
50
glutamate
excitation of brain activity
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GABA
inhibition of brain activity
52
anxiety
__________ disorders are the most common mental disorders
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serious mental illness
Occurs at any time during the last year having a diagnosable, mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that causes functional impairment that interferes with at least one major life event
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serious mental disturbance (SED)
Occurs in children who have been diagnosed with a mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder
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autism spectrum disorder
Is characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behavior
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autism spectrum disorder
(1 out of 50 children) have this disorder
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attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
characterized by either unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both
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_____ % is the Percentage of children diagnosed with ADHD
11
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the causes of _______ are genetic (heritability 70%), and environmental factors
ADHD
60
schizophrenia affects what percentage of the population?
1%
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schizophrenia
characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought and speech, disorders of movement, restricted affect, and avolition or asociality
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positive symptoms
behaviors found in patients with schizophrenia but not in normal people (ex: hallucinations, delusions)
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negative symptoms
behaviors found in normal people but not in schizophrenics (ex: avolition, flat affect)
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abnormalities in what neurotransmitter, are associated with schizophrenia?
Dopamine
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abnormalities in what brain area is associated with schizophrenia?
enlarged ventricles
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bipolar disorder
mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression
67
_____ % of the adult population is affected by bipolar disorder
2.6
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what gender that is most affected by bipolar disorder?
female
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concordance rates for bipolar disorder in twins is as high as ____%
70
70
major depressive disorder (MDD)
characterized by lengthy periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and possible thoughts of suicide
71
In order to be diagnosed with ____________ at least 5 symptoms and one must be depressed mood or anhedonia (lack of interest in activities that previously provided pleasure)
MDD
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anhedonia
lack of interest in activities that previously provided pleasure
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____ % of the population is affected by MDD
7
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_________ are the most affected gender affected by MDD
females
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___________ explanation for depression: result of a combination of negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future
cognitive
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___________ explanation for depression: reduction in positive enforcement or increase in negative outcomes
learning
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___________ explanation for depression: feelings of sadness and loneliness
social
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___________ explanation for depression: heritability is 40%; certain genes affecting serotonin levels
biological
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_________ is a disorder that is not proportional to a person's circumstances
anxiety
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diathesis-stress model
suggests that biological vulnerabilities for a disorder interact with a person's experience of stress
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_____ % of americans experience disorders
30
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fears of specific objects or circumstances
specific phobias
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panic disorder
repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks
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unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others
SAD
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fear of open spaces, being outside the home, being in a crowd
agoraphobia
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% of the population affected by panic disorder
2.7
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obsessive compulsive disorder
associated with intrusive obsessions and compulsions
85
excessive anxiety for 6 months that is not correlated with a specific object
GAD
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% of the population is affected by OCD
2-3
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____%-____% is the concordance rate for OCD
63-87
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body dysmorphic disorder
unrealistic perception of physical flaws
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personality disorder
impairments in identity, personality traits, and in establishment of empathy or intimacy
90
PTSD
caused by the experience of trauma, which leads to flashbacks, dreams, hyper vigilance, and avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event
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alcohol use disorder
diagnostic criteria: problems controlling intake, continued use despite problems, developed tolerance, risky behavior caused by drinking; 17 million alcohol users have alcohol use disorder
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88 000
there are ___________ deaths in a year caused by excessive alcohol
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most used drug
marjiauana
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the most commonly abused stimulants
amphetamines, methanphetamines, and cocaine
95
____ million people abuse opiods
1.9
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psychotherapy
treatment designed to improve symptoms of psychological disorder through conversation between the therapist and client
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counseling
a focus on personal strengths and development
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evidence based practice
combines research evidence, clinical expertise, and individual values to provide the best outcome for a patient
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behavior therapy
applications of classical and operant conditioning principles to the treatment of symptoms of psychological disorder and adjustment problems
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CBT
combination of cognitive restructuring with behavioral treatments that has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of many psychological therapy
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biopsychosocial approach
combines treatments addressing biological, personal, and social underpinnings of psychological disorders
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most commonly used medical therapy?
medications
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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
seizures are induced in an anesthetized patient; used to treat mood disorders that have not responded to medication
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psychosurgery
attempt to improve symptoms of psychological disorders through the use of brain surgery
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deep brain stimulation
electrical stimulation applied through surgically implanted electrodes that is used to treat some anxiety and mood disorders
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treatment for __________ includes: ABA therapies to help with socially important behaviors
autism spectrum disorder
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treatment for __________ includes: ritalin and other stimulants and behavioral therapies
ADHD
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treatment for __________ includes: phenothiazines (medication) reduce psychotic symptoms;
schizophrenia
don't affect negative symptoms and don't work in 1/4 of schizophrenia patients
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treatment for __________ includes: medication (lithium); has serious negative side effects; poor compliance
bipolar disorder
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treatment for __________ includes: antidepressants (SSRI's); CBT therapy also used to increase activity levels and social skills
MDD
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treatment for __________ includes: benzodiazepines (enhance effects of GABA); CBT therapy
anxiety
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treatment for __________ includes: antidepressants; CBT therapy (highly effective)
OCD
112
treatment for __________ includes: exposure therapy with or without SSRI's
PTSD
113
4 major dimensions of recovery
are heath, home, purpose, and community
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the foundation of recovery
hope
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continuum of care
promotion, prevention, treatment, recovery
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____________ and ___________ factors make people vulnerable to mental illness
biological and psychological
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individual level protective factors
are positive self image, self control, social competence
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prevention approaches
help individuals develop knowledge, attitudes, and skills they need to make good choices or change harmful behaviors
119
___________________ definition: is the promotion of mental health, resilience, and well-being, prevention and treatment of mental and substance abuse disorders, support during recovery
behavioural health
120
people with mental illness are more likely to have
chronic health conditions
121
people with mental illness die on an average of how many years earlier?
8 years
122
social factors related to early mortality are
poverty, social isolation, lack of access to quality healthcare
123
act where mental illness and substance abuse fall under the 10 essential health benefits that most plans must cover
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
124
act where deductibles, copays, out of pocket maximums, treatment limitations can be no more restrictive than requirements for other medical care
Mental Health Parity and Addition Equality Act (MHPAEA)
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2 major roots of psychology
philosophy and natural sciences
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trepanation
ancient practice of drilling holes in the skull
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Edward Kitchener
established the theory of structuralism
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functionalism
viewed behavior as purposeful because it led to survival
129
physical cause and medical treatment used _______..
medical models of psychological disorders
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show abnormalities resulting from life experiences
psychological model
131
humanistic approach
saw people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve
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Sigmond Freud
psychodynamic theory; existence of unconscious mind, development of sexuality, dream analysis, psychoanalysis
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behaviouralism
study and careful measurement of observable behaviors
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biological psychology
focuses on relationship between the mind and behavior
135
evolutionary psychology
physical structure and behavior being shaped by contributions to survival and reproduction
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cognitive psychology
information processing, thinking, reasoning, problem solving
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social psychology
effects of social environment on behavior
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developmental psychology
normal changes in behavior over the lifespan
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clinical psychology
explain, define, treat abnormal behavior
140
sensory neurons
Neurons that cary incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain or spinal cord
140
biological psych
Branch of psychology that links biology and behavior
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phrenology
Popular theory that claimed bumps on the skull could reveal our mental abilities or character traits
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motor neurons
Neurons that Carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands
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interneurons
Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate with each other and regulate sensory and motor inputs
142
dendrite
Branches that extend from the nerve cell body. Which receive messages and conduct impulses toward the body
143
myelin sheath
The layer of fatty tissue that encases the fibers of neurons in segments and increases the transmission speed of impulses
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axon
Extension of the neuron that has fibers on the end that passes information to other neurons or muscles
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action potential
Neural impulse, brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
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threshold
The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. Comes from the level of excitatory signals minus inhibitory signals
145
neurotransmitter
Chemical messenger that crosses the synaptic gap between neurons, binding to receptor sites on the dendrites of the recording neuron
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synapse
The junction between the axon of the relaying neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. This is also known as the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft
147
endorphins
"Morphine within" a natural opiate like neurotransmitter that is linked to pain control and pleasure
148
serotonin
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
lack can lead to depression
148
dopamine
Neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion.
excess in schritzophrenia
149
Acetylcholine
A neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory
lack results in Alzheimers
150
norepinephrine
Helps control alertness and arousal
150
Glutamate
An excess of this neurotransmitter can cause migraines and seizures
151
Gamma-butyric acid
An inhibitory neurotransmitter, a lack is linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia
151
Glutamate
Major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory
152
reuptake
A neurotransmitter's reabsorption of the sending neuron
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agonist molecules
A molecule from the outside of the body that is similar enough to a neurotransmitter to Mimic is affects, like in certain opiate drugs
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antagonist molecules
A molecule from the outside of the body that blocks a neurotransmitter's function (I.e. Botulin which blocks ACh)
154
ACh
Acetylcholine
155
nervous system
The body's electrochemical communication network that consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral she central nervous systems
156
PNS
The sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
157
nerves
Axons that have been bundled together into cables that connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs
158
autonomic nervous system
The part of the PNS that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs
158
somatic nervous system
The division of the PNS that controls the skeletal muscles
158
sympathetic nervous system
Part of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body and mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
159
Parasympathetic nervous system
Part of the autonomic system that calms the body, conserving its energy
160
endocrine system
The body's chemical communication system that is made up of a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
160
hormones
Chemical messengers that are made in the endocrine system, which travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues
161
reflex
Simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus
162
pituitary gland
The most influential glans that controls growth and other endocrine glands, and is controlled by the hypothalamus
162
adrenal glands
A pair of endocrine glands above the kidneys that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine that help arouse the body in stressful situations
162
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An amplified recording of the sound waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brains surface. Electrodes on the scalp measure these waves
163
leison
Tissue destruction caused either naturally or experimentally
163
Positron emission tomography scan (PET Scan)
A visual display of the brain activity that detects where the radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
164
Function MRI (fMRI)
Technique used to reveal the blood flow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans, this shows the brains function
164
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Technique that uses magnetic filers abs radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue, this shows the brains anatomy
164
brainstem
The oldest part, and the central core of the brain. Starts where the spinal cord swells at the beginning of the skull and is responsible for automatic survival functions
165
medulla
The base of the Brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing
166
reticular formation
A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
166
cerebellum
The "little brain" at the rear Of the brainstem that processes sensory input and coordinates movement output and balance
167
thalamus
The brains sensory switchboard which is located on top of the Brainstem. This switchboard directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex, and transmits relies to the cerebellum and medulla
167
Hypothalamus
The structure below the thalamus, that directs eating, drinking, body temp., as well as helping govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Linked to emotion and reward
168
limbic system
The neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres and is associated with emotions and drives
169
Amygdala
Two Lima bean sized neural clusters in the Limbic system that are linked to emotion
170
glial cells
Cells in the nervous system support, nourish, and protect neurons
170
Cerebral cortex
The fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres and the body's ultimate control and information processing center
171
frontal lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex just behind the forehead that is involved in speaking, muscle movements, add in making plans and judgements
172
parietal lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex at the top rear of the head that receives sensory input for touch and body position
173
occipital lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex at the back of the head that receives information from the visual fields
174
motor cortex
An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movement, this area of the brain is involved in the idea of neural prosthetics
174
temporal lobes
Portion of the cerebral cortex above the ears that include the auditory areas that receive information from the opposite ear
175
neurogenesis
The formation of new neurons
175
association areas
Areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions but in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
175
plasticity
The brains ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
176
sensory cortex
Area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes the body's touch and movement sensations. The larger the area of this region used for a particular body part, the more sensitive it is.
177
corpus callous
The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres, carrying messages between them
177
split Brain
A condition resulting from surfer that Isolates the brains two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them
178
all or none response
A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, and to fire more often, but it doesn't affect the action potentials strength or speed
178
gonads
The sex glands
178
lock and key mechanism
Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in this manner
178
aphasia
An impairment of language, usually caused by damage to the left hemisphere of the brain
178
Thyroid gland
A gland that surrounds the trachea, and controls metabolism, among other things
178
brocas area
An area in the left hemisphere that controls language information
179
Parathyroids
Glands right next to the thyroid that help regulate the calcium level in the blood
179
reward center
An area of the hypothalamus that, when stimulated, provides pleasure to the organism
180
wernickes area
An area in the left hemisphere of the brain that controls language understanding
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