Host and Microbe Interaction Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Symbiosis
sym; bios
A
Living together
Gk. sym - together; bios - life
2
Q
Benefits both organism
A
Mutualism
3
Q
Mutualism example
A
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Human
4
Q
Mutualism: BENEFIT FROM HOST
A
Shelter
Source of nutrition
5
Q
Mutualism: BENEFIT FROM MUTUALIST
A
Normalize pH
Inhibit growth of pathogenic organism
6
Q
one organism benefits
A
Commensalism
7
Q
host is harmed or damaged
A
Commensalism
8
Q
acquisition of the microorganism
A
CONTACT
9
Q
stays temporarily on the body
A
Transient flora
10
Q
removed by cleansing activity
A
Transient flora
11
Q
relatively permanent population of microorgganism
A
Normal flora
12
Q
does not cause disease under normal conditions
A
Normal flora
13
Q
prevents colonization of pathogens
A
Antagonist
14
Q
mechanism of Antagonist
A
o Competition
o Bacteriocin secretion
15
Q
Major sources of vitamins
A
o Vitamin K
o Vitamin B
16
Q
Factors for Normal Flora to Cause Disease
A
- Mechanical transfer to another site
- Immunocompromised host
- Predisposing factors
17
Q
entry, establishment, and invasion pf the body by PATHOGENS
A
INFECTION
18
Q
harbors a specific pathogen
no discernible damage
no signs or symptoms
A
Carrier state
19
Q
harbors a specific pathogen
no discernible damage
no signs or symptoms
A
Carrier state
20
Q
when the infection has stopped
active immune response toward the organism
A
Immunity/Cure
21
Q
imbalance or deviation in health
if the infection cause damage
A
Infectious Disease
22
Q
the presence of a PATHOGEN whether it causes damage or not
A
INFECTION
23
Q
We consider it DISEASE if it already causes damage
A
DISEASE
24
Q
Types of pathogen according to source
A
EXOGENOUS
ENDOGENOUS
25
inanimate or animate object from which the pathogen are acquired
SOURCE OF THE PATHOGEN
26
outside the host
EXOGENOUS
27
within the host
ENDOGENOUS
28
inanimate or animate w/c the organism is NORMALLY LIVING
RESERVOIR
29
RESERVOIR: humans and animals
animate
30
RESERVOIR: soil and water
inanimate
31
Types of Infectious Disease
1. Contagious Infectious Disease
2. Communicable Infectious Disease
3. Non-communicable Infectious Disease
32
readily or highly transmissible especially through direct contact
Contagious Infectious Disease
33
Transmissible (direct or indirectly) from host to host
Communicable Infectious Disease
34
transmitted to the host by other means
Non-communicable Infectious Disease
35
example: Tetanus
Non-communicable Infectious Disease
36
Modes of Transmission
1. CONTACT TRANSMISSION
2. AIR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
3. COMMON VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
4. VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
37
coming together of the source and host
CONTACT TRANSMISSION
38
Coming together of the portal of exit of one host and of the portal of entry of another host
DIRECT CONTACT
39
person to person contact
Horizontal
40
mother to newborn contact
Vertical
41
transmitted by an intermediate object
INDIRECT CONTACT
42
forms of INDIRECT CONTACT
Formites
| Droplet transmission
43
EXPELLED moist particles that contain an infectious agent
Droplet transmission
44
EXPELLED moist particles that contain an infectious agent
Droplet transmission
45
Source and host are near each other
Droplet transmission
46
TRANSMISSION VIA DROPLET NUCLEI
AIR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
47
<5 microns; does not settle; associated w/ viruses
AIR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
48
inanimate object reservoir
COMMON VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
49
COMMON VEHICLE TRANSMISSION examples of reservoir
soil, water, blood
50
Invertebrates that harbor infectious agents
VECTOR
51
VECTORS INCLUDE
o Arthropods
o Insects
o Mollusk
o Arachnids
52
Types of VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
Mechanical
| Biological
53
VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION for transport
Mechanical
54
VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION: essential in the life cycle of the infectious agent
Biological
55
PORTAL OF ENTRY
1. Gastrointestinal Tract
2. Respiratory Treat
3. Skin or Mucous Membrane
4. Genito-urinary Tract
5. Blood
6. Transplacental
56
Preferred portal of entry
GIT: Salmonella typhi
| RT: Streptococcus pneumoniae
57
“NATURAL” or “INNATE” defense
NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES
58
Against any ANTIGEN
NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES
59
“NATURAL” or “INNATE” defense
NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES
60
Functions of NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES
o Provide GENERALIZED protection
o Present at birth
o Not enhanced
61
Offers protection at the site of inoculation
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE
62
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: 4 MECHANISMS
1. Physical
2. Physiological
3. Mechanical
4. Microbial antagonism
63
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE Includes
o Non-specific cells of the body
| o Chemical response
64
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE: 2 MECHANISMS
PHAGOCYTOSIS
| INFLAMMATION
65
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: MECHANISM
1. Physical
skin
| mucous membrane
66
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: MECHANISM
| 2. Physiological
dryness
acidic
sweat
mucus
67
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: MECHANISM
| 3. Mechanical
continuous removal from site of attachment
| example: desquamation
68
either FIXED or WANDERING
MACROPHAGES
69
STEPS IN PHAGOCYTOSIS
1. Initiation/Chemotaxis
2. Adherence
3. Ingestion
4. Digestion
5. Elimination
70
STEPS IN PHAGOCYTOSIS
1. Initiation/Chemotaxis
2. Adherence
3. Ingestion
4. Digestion
5. Elimination
71
directional movement of phagocytes in response to chemical stimuli
Initiation/Chemotaxis
72
attachment of the phagocyte to the plasma membrane
Adherence
73
Adherence is facilitated by
Pathogen Associated Molecular Patter (PAMPS)
| Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)
74
general recognition of the microorganism
UNENHANCED Adherence
75
microorganisms are coated with serum proteins
ENHANCED Adherence
76
acts as a bridge with the phagocyte
opsonins
77
encloses the microbe to form a vesicle
Ingestion
78
phagosome formation
Ingestion
79
Phagolysosome formation
Digestion
80
Fusion of the phagosome and lysosome
Phagolysosome
81
Degranulation
Digestion
82
EXOCYTOSIS of undigested materials
Elimination
83
mechanism of protection from tissue injury
INFLAMMATION
84
Clinical Signs of Inflammation
Rubor
Calor
Tumor
Dolor
85
redness
Rubor
86
temperature
Calor
87
swelling
Tumor
88
pain
Dolor
89
Stages of Inflammation
1. Vascular response
2. Cellular response
3. Tissue repair
4. Chemical response
90
Lysozome; Peroxidase
Chemical response
91
Processes in Vascular response
Vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
Increased capillary permeability
92
Processes in Cellular response
Phagocyte migration
Increased phagocytic activity
Abscess formation
93
Processes in Tissue repair
Fibroblast proliferation
94
COMPLETE SYSTEM; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; FIVE IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES
Chemical response
95
SPECIFIC DEFENSES
1. ACQUIRED OR ADAPTIVE
2. DEMONSTRATES SPECIFICITY
3. ENHANCED/INTENSIFIED
96
TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
ANAMNESTIC IMMUNE RESPONSE
97
TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
ANAMNESTIC IMMUNE RESPONSE
98
Long latent period: 1 to 2 weeks
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
99
Lower peak concentration of antibody
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
100
Shorter decline
PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
101
Shorter latent period
SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
102
Higher peak concentration of antibodies
SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
103
Longer decline
SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
104
Property of recalling the antigen
ANAMNESTIC IMMUNE RESPONSE
105
Seroconversion
ANAMNESTIC IMMUNE RESPONSE
106
Antibody increases up to detectable levels
ANAMNESTIC IMMUNE RESPONSE
107
IMMUNOCYTES are also called
LYMPHOCYTES
108
% LYMPHOCYTES
(20 – 40%)
109
components of LYMPHOCYTES
B cells: 5 – 15%
T cells: 70 – 80%
Natural Killer Cells
110
LYMPHOID ORGANS AND TISSUES
PRIMARY LYMPHOID TISSUE
| SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUE
111
LYMPHOID ORGANS AND TISSUES: Site of development
PRIMARY LYMPHOID TISSUE
112
PRIMARY LYMPHOID TISSUE includes
Bone marrow
| Thymus
113
SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUES includes
Lymph nodes
Spleen
MALT
