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Infection and Host Resistance > Host Defense > Flashcards

Host Defense Flashcards

1
Q

*ability of an organism to resist infection.

A

Immunity

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2
Q
  • the built-in capacity of the immune system of multicellular organisms to target common pathogens regardless of their identity.
  • inborn host defenses against a broad range of pathogens.
A

Innate Immunity

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3
Q

*the essential second tier of the immune system that targets specific pathogens to minimize their harmful effects.
*triggered by exposure to specific pathogens that cannot be eliminated from the body by innate mechanisms alone.

A

Adaptive Immunity

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4
Q

*keep pathogens on the outside or neutralize them before infection begins.
*skin, mucous membranes, and certain antimicrobial
substances

A

First-Line Defenses

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5
Q

*slow or contain infections when first-line defenses fail.
*proteins that produce inflammation, fever, and phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells

A

Second-Line Defenses

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6
Q
  • include lymphocytes that target specific pathogens for destruction when the second-line defenses don’t contain infections.
  • Includes memory component that allows the body to more effectively respond to that same pathogen in the future.
A

Third-Line Defenses

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7
Q

Two Main Categories of WBCs:

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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8
Q

a leukocyte derived from a myeloid precursor that contains cytoplasmic granules consisting of toxins or enzymes that are released to destroy target cells.

A

Granulocytes

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9
Q

a leukocyte without visible granules in the cytoplasm when viewed through a light microscope

A

Agranulocytes

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10
Q

Physical Barriers to Infection in the human body:

A

Skin
Lacrimal Apparatus
Saliva
Mucus
Mucous membrane of the nose
Cilia
Urine
Vaginal secretions
Peristalsis
Vomiting and Diarrhea

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11
Q

Chemical Barriers to Infection in the human body:

A

Sebum
Perspiration
Earwax
Saliva
Gastric Juice
Vaginal Secretions
Urine

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12
Q

➢a cell that engulfs foreign particles, and can ingest, kill, and digest most pathogens
➢cells that perform phagocytosis

A

Phagocyte

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13
Q

➢the process of engulfing and killing foreign particles and cells

A

Phagocytosis

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14
Q

➢Cytotoxic lymphocytes that seek out and destroy compromised cells, such as cells infected with intracellular pathogens (such as viruses) or cancer cells.

A

Natural Killer Cells

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15
Q

➢a host response to tissue damage or a nonspecific reaction to a noxious stimuli such as toxins and pathogens

A

Inflammation

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16
Q

Characteristics of Inflammation:

A

Pain
Redness
Immobility
Swelling
Heat

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17
Q

The Process of Inflammation:

A

Tissue Damage
Vascular reactions and phagocytosis
Tissue repair

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18
Q

➢a condition of elevated body temperature

A

Fever

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19
Q

Elevated body temperatures also increase the production of ____________, molecules that bind and sequester iron in blood and lymph, thus depriving pathogens of this important nutrient

A

transferrins

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20
Q

➢a group of sequentially interacting proteins, many with enzymatic activity, that functions to boost the efficiency of both innate and adaptive immune responses for the destruction of pathogens.

A

Complement System

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21
Q

Microbes burst as extracellular fluid flows in through transmembrane channel formed by membrane attack complex.

A

Cytolysis

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22
Q

Coating of pathogens with antimicrobial host proteins, such as antibodies or C3b, resulting in enhanced phagocytosis of target cells.

A

Opsonization

23
Q

Blood vessels become more permeable, and chemotactic agents attract phagocytes to area.

A

Inflammation

24
Q

➢small proteins in the cytokine family that prevent viral replication by stimulating the production of antiviral proteins in uninfected cells.

A

Interferons (IFN)

25
Q

Three main types of human interferons:

A

✓alpha interferon (IFN-a)
✓beta interferon (IFN-b
✓gamma interferon (IFN-g)

26
Q

Antiviral Activity of Interferons

A

Transcription and Translation

27
Q

Two Parts of the Adaptive Immune System:

A

Humoral Immunity and Cellular Immunity

28
Q

Type of Adaptive Immunity:
*antibody-mediated immunity
*directed at freely circulating pathogens and depends on B cells

A

Humoral immunity

29
Q

Type of Adaptive Immunity:
*cell-mediated immunity
*depends on T cells to eliminate intracellular pathogens, reject foreign tissue recognized as nonself, and destroy tumor cells.

A

Cellular Immunity

30
Q

*class of antigen-reactive leukocytes involved in specific immune responses.

A

Lymphocytes

31
Q

*specialize in the production of antibodies that interact with and protect against extracellular antigens, thus conferring antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity to the host.

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

32
Q

*express antigen-specific receptor proteins on their surfaces that defend against intracellular pathogens, such as viruses and certain bacteria, thus conferring cell-mediated (cellular) immunity to the host.

A

T lymphocytes (T cells)

33
Q

Three Major Features of Adaptive Immunity:

A

Specificity
Memory
Tolerance

34
Q

Major Feature of Adaptive Immunity:
Immune cells have surface receptors that interact with individual antigens.

A

Specificity

35
Q

Major Feature of Adaptive Immunity:
The first antigen exposure induces multiplication of antigen-reactive cells, resulting in multiple copies, or clones. After a subsequent exposure to the same antigen, the immune response is faster and stronger due to the large number of responding cells.

A

Memory

36
Q

Major Feature of Adaptive Immunity:
➢the acquired inability to produce an immune response to host antigens (“self”).
* The adaptive immune system must be able to discriminate between harmless host antigens (“self”) and potentially dangerous foreign antigens (“nonself”) and function to destroy only the latter.

A

Tolerance

37
Q

➢a harmful immune reaction directed against self antigens.

A

Autoimmunity

38
Q

➢any substance that causes antibody formation

A

Antigen

39
Q

An antigen is also called…

A

Immunogen

40
Q

➢the portion of an antigen that reacts with a specific
antibody or T cell receptor

A

Epitope

41
Q

Classes of Adaptive Immunity:

A

Natural active immunity
Natural passive immunity
Artificial active immunity
Artificial passive immunity

42
Q

➢the outcome of exposure to antigens through infection and typically generates protective immunity from both antibodies and T cells.

A

Natural active immunity

43
Q

➢occurs when a nonimmune person acquires immune cells or antibodies through natural transfer of cells or antibodies from an immune person, such as from mothers to the fetus before birth or from mothers to newborns in breast milk.

A

Natural passive immunity

44
Q

➢ conferred by vaccination (immunization) and is a major weapon for the prevention and treatment of many infectious diseases.

A

Artificial active immunity

45
Q

➢conferred when an individual receives antibodies from an immune individual through injection of an antiserum.

A

Artificial passive immunity

46
Q

➢a soluble protein made by a B lymphocyte or a plasma cell in response to antigen exposure.

A

Antibody

47
Q

An antibody is also called…

A

Immunoglobulin or Ig

48
Q

Results of the Antigen-Antibody Binding:
Antibodies cause antigens to clump together to be more easily ingested by phagocytes.
Reduces number of infectious units to be dealt with.

A

Agglutination

49
Q

Results of the Antigen-Antibody Binding:
Coating antigen with antibody enhances phagocytosis.

A

Opsonization

50
Q

Results of the Antigen-Antibody Binding:
Antibodies attached to target cell cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophils, and NK cells

A

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

51
Q

Results of the Antigen-Antibody Binding:
IgG antibodies inactivate microbes by blocking their attachment to host cells. By surrounding specific pathogenic components of a microbe, the antibodies can reduce pathogenicity or toxicity.

A

Neutralization

52
Q

Results of the Antigen-Antibody Binding:
causes inflammation and cell lysis

A

Activation of Complement

53
Q

a type of antigen-presenting cell characterized by
long fingerlike extensions; found in lymphatic tissue and skin

A

Dendritic Cell

54
Q

a macrophage that has increased phagocytic ability and other functions after exposure to mediators released by T cells after stimulation by antigens

A

Activated Macrophage

Infection and Host Resistance (5 decks)

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