Host Defense/Immunity

Question 1

The type of immunity that we are born with, that,

• works regardless of what the invader is
• physical and chemical barriers eg skin, mucous
• cellular responses eg phagocytosis by white blood cells, inflammation
• soluble mediators like cytokines, complement, proteins
• immediate response

Answer 1

Innate Immunity

Question 2

The name of specific or acquired immunity

Answer 2

Adaptive Immunity

Question 3

Antibodies (Ab) are an example of adaptive immunity. What other word describes antibodies, starting with H……

Answer 3

Humoral

Question 4

Are cell mediated responses innate or adaptive immunity?

Answer 4

Adaptive

Question 5

Name the 2 main components of blood

Answer 5

Plasma (clear stuff, 50%)
Cells (x 3 types)

Question 6

Erythrocytes are commonly called ……

Answer 6

Red blood cells or rbc. 40 - 45% of total blood volume. Carry Hb!

Question 7

White blood cells are also called….

Answer 7

Leucocytes - immunity! Only about 1% of blood volume.

Question 8

What are the blood cells responsible for clotting?

Answer 8

Platelets. Only about 1% of blood volume.

Question 9

Haematopoiesis is the development of which blood cells? Where and how does it occur?

Answer 9

White blood cells - mostly begins in bone marrow of the long bones. They then move into the bloodstream and then into tissues.

Question 10

What are the 5 types of leucocytes?

Answer 10

1. Neutrophils (most abundant) = Phagocytosis (the pus cell) = Bacterial infections
2. Lymphocytes (adaptive) = B Cells/T Cells = Viral infections / cancer
3. Monocytes = migrate to skin/tissues = macrophages/dendrites
4. Eosinophils = Parasites / Allergy response
5. Basophil = Role in allergic reactions

Question 11

Why is it helpful to know which type of leucocyte has elevated in a sick patient?

Answer 11

The type of leucocyte indicates what is causing the infection eg lymphocyte = viral infection

Question 12

What is a normal white blood cell (leucocyte) count?

Answer 12

4 “/L

Question 13

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are similar in what way?

Answer 13

They are granulocytes (have granules in cytoplasm of cell)

Question 14

Neutrophils are the ____ cell. They are _____-lobed (nucleus) and have ______ in their cytoplasm. They target ______.

Answer 14

Pus Cell
Multi-lobed
Granules
Bacteria

Question 15

Eosinophils target _______. They have ____ lobes (nucleus) and have _____ in their cytoplasm.

Answer 15

Parasites
2 lobes
Granules

Question 16

Basophils play a role in _______ _______. They have big blue _______ in their cytoplasm.

Answer 16

Allergy response
Granules

Question 17

How to lymphocytes recognise an infectious particle?

Answer 17

By recognising antigens

Question 18

Antigens (Ag) stands for the combination of two words…..

Answer 18

Antibody + Generation

Question 19

What are antigens?

Answer 19

Antigens are components of cell walls, that generate an immune response (typically proteins called antibodies)

Question 20

What is another term used to describe antibodies?

Answer 20

Immunoglobulin

Question 21

Are antibodies part of the building blocks of the body, or are they functional proteins?

Answer 21

Functional

Question 22

Are antibodies considered innate or adaptive immunity?

Answer 22

Adaptive - they only target specific antigens

Question 23

True or false - antibodies:

1. enhance phagocytosis
2. enhance complement mediated killing
3. neutralise toxins
4. prevent pathogen attachment

Answer 23

True - they kill free-living bacteria!

Question 24

Name 4 different types on human antibodies

Answer 24

IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE

Question 25

What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs in humans, where lymphocytes are born?

Answer 25

Bone marrow Thymus

Question 26

Where do lymphocytes encounter antigens, after leaving the bone marrow or thymus?

Answer 26

Secondary lymphoid organs: - Spleen - Lymph nodes - Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) - respiratory/gut

Question 27

How to lymphocytes become effector and memory cells?

Answer 27

They encounter antigen and are stimulated to become these. This happens in the spleen, lymph nodes and MALT. They get with antigens and then produce compounds for immunity.

Question 28

How do cellular components fight infection?

Answer 28

Kill viruses inside cells

Question 29

What are 2 examples of INNATE cells & mediators?

Answer 29

* NK cells * Complement proteins

Question 30

What are 2 examples of ADAPTIVE cells and tissues?

Answer 30

* B Cells (make antibodies for bacterial infection) * T Cells (fight viruses, provide cancer protection)

Question 31

Cytokines are ________ messengers

Answer 31

chemical

Question 32

What are the 4 immune responses needed by the body, to prevent becoming immunocompromised?

Answer 32

1. External barrier (skin, oral mucosa, respiratory epithelium, intestine) 2. Innate immune response (macrophages, granulocytes, NK cells) 3. Adaptive immune response (B cells/antibodies, T cells) 4. Memory response (prevents re-infection)

Question 33

What am I? A substance present in normal serum which combines with an antigen-antibody complex to destroy bacteria.

Answer 33

Complement