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host defenses Flashcards

1
Q

mediators of innate immunity

A 
complement system
cytokines
prostaglandins
matrix metalloproteinases
proteinase inhibitors
antimicrobial peptides
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2
Q

cytokines involved in ____ of ____ and ____ responses

A

coordination; inflammatory; immune

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3
Q

pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-1beta; TNF-alpha

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4
Q

cytokines with chemotactic activity

A

IL-8

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5
Q

prostaglandins (especially PGE2) induce ____ and _____

A

vasodilation; cytokine production

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6
Q

PGE2 induces production of _____ by fibroblasts and osteoclasts, which damage periodontal tissues

A

matrix metalloproteinases

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7
Q

matrix metalloproteinases degrade _____

A

extracellular matrix

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8
Q

_____ (a MMP) degrades the major ____ in gingiva

A

PMN collagenase; structural protein

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9
Q

proteinase inhibitors _____ inflammation and inhibit ____ of _____

A

antagonize; degradation; matrix proteins

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10
Q

broad spectrum proteinase inhibitor

A

alpha-2 macroglobulin

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11
Q

broad spectrum proteinase inhibitor and potent inhibitor of PMN collagenase

A

alpha-1 antitrypsin

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12
Q

inhibit bacteria and fungi; produced by salivary gland epithelium

A

defensins

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13
Q

inhibits bacteria and fungi by chelating zinc; produced by epithelium, PMNs, monocytes and macrophages

A

calprotectin

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14
Q

cellular elements of innate immunity

A

neutrophils (PMNs)
macrophages
mast cells

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15
Q

neutrophils are deployed from ____; macrophages are found in ___ and ____; mast cells found throughout the body, esp in ____ subjacent to mucosal surfaces

A

blood; organs; tissues; connective tissue

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16
Q

major microbial virulence factors

A
  • ability to invade periodontal epithelium
  • direct cytotoxic effects of bacterial metabolic waste products
  • damaging bacterial enzymes
  • immunostimulatory molecules
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17
Q

examples of bacteria able to invade pd epithelium

A

A.a. and P.g.

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18
Q

examples of bacterial metabolic waste products

A

ammonia, indole compounds, fatty acids (propionic and butyric acids), hydrogen sulfide

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19
Q

examples of damaging bacteria enzymes

A
  • leukotoxin (from A.a., kills leukocytes)

- gingipains (Arg-specific proteases from P.g.)

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20
Q

examples of immunostimulatory molecules

A
  • LPS (endotoxin) from gram-negative bacteria
  • lipoteichoic acids from gram positive bacteria
  • gingipains (Arg-specific proteases)
  • formylpeptides (stimulate leukocyte chemotaxis)
  • other surface antigens
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21
Q

mechanisms of periodontal defense

A
  • prevention of bacterial entry (passive protection by periodontal epithelium)
  • innate immune response (nonspecific, first line of active defense)
  • acquired (adaptive) immune responses (specific, second line of active defense
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22
Q

prevention of bacterial entry by ____ of epithelial cells into the oral cavity; intact _____, and ____ into the gingival crevice

A

shedding (inhibits bacterial colonization of mucosa)
epithelial barrier
positive fluid flow

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23
Q

gingival crevicular fluid originates as _____

A

gingival tissue interstitial fluid

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24
Q

in the innate immune response, ____ is activated, oral mucosa produces _____, oral epithelium produces _____

A

complement system; anti-microbial peptides (defensins); pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-8)

25
4 functions of the complement system
- induces bacterial lysis - promotes phagocyte recruitment (chemotaxis) - promotes phagocytosis by opsonization of bacteria - helps activate mast cells, which increases vascular permeability
26
____ and ____ are universal signs of infection that help recruit inflammatory cells; ____ attracts neutrophils in the early stages of infection
IL-1beta; TNF-alpha; IL-8
27
antimicrobial effects of ____, ___, and ____ in the innate immune response along with phagocytic function of ____ and _____
antibodies, lactoferrin, lysozyme | neutrophils (PMNs) and macrophages
28
____, _____, and _____ are hallmarks of adaptive immunity
Ag recognition; immune memory; clonal expansion
29
TLRs signal for cells to produce:
cytokines, chemokines, antimicrobial peptides, NO, and eicosanoids
30
biological activities of LPS (endotoxin)
- complement activation - PMN activation - macrophage activation - B-cell mitogen activity - stimulation of bone resorption - stimulation of PG synthesis - induction of TNF-alpha
31
two complement proteins that can induce PMN chemotaxis and mast cell degranulation
C3a and C5a
32
complement protein that facilitates phagocytosis by opsonizing bacteria
C3b
33
in chronic periodontitis, number of ____ > _____ > _____
plasma cells > B lymphocytes > T lymphocytes | adaptive immune cells more prominent than innate immune cells
34
T cell receptor has two ____ (alpha and beta) with ____ segments
glycoprotein chains; variable
35
____ determine the type of immune response
variable segments
36
2 types of T helper cells differ in _____
cytokine profiles
37
cytokines are ______ that transmit signals to other cells
messenger proteins
38
Th1 cells produce:
IL-2, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha
39
Th2 cells produce:
IL-4, 5, 6, 10, 13
40
_____ are activated by cytokines and respond to intracellular pathogens
cytotoxic T cells
41
Ags from intracellular pathogens bind ____ molecules; Tc cells recognize this antigen presentation and destroy infected cells
MHC I
42
not many Tc cells found in periodontitis , suggesting that ____ and ____ are not major players
viruses; invasive bacteria
43
humoral immunity ( _____ mediated) triggered in response to _____
antibody; soluble antigens
44
antigen-antibody complex activates ____ and facilitates _____
complement; opsonization
45
Th2 cytokines activate ____ to ____
B cells; plasma cells
46
2 types of B cells
conventional and auto-reactive
47
antibody mediated protection involves antibody plus ____ and antibody plus ____
complement; cells
48
3 functions of antibody alone
1. blocks entry of toxins, viruses (IgM, IgG, IgA) 2. immobilizes bacteria (IgM > IgG) 3. agglutinates bacteria (IgM > IgG)
49
antibody plus complement ____ bacteria
lyses (IgM, IgG)
50
antibody plus cells ____ bacteria, fungi for ____
opsonizes; phagocytosis (IgG)
51
antibody plus cells activates _____
extracellular killing (IgG)
52
IgG2 < IgG1 in _____, but IgG2 predominates in _____
chronic periodontitis; aggressive periodontitis
53
IgG2 recognizes _____ antigens, while other subclasses mainly recognize _____ antigen
carbohydrate (LPS); protein
54
homing of _____ takes place within the periodontal lesion
relevant immune cells
55
____ cells outnumber ____ cells in chronic periodontal lesions
Th2; Th1
56
____ cells are among the most predominant and active secretory cells in advanced periodontal lesions
plasma
57
the ratio of IgG subclasses are similar in ____ and ____
serum; GCF
58
an individual's ability to mount a specific ____ to bacteria in the _____ may indicate a patient's susceptibility to the disease and ability to respond to treatment
antibody response; subgingival biofilm

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