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Microbiology 440 lecture exam 3 > Host Defenses (Lectures 12/13) > Flashcards

Host Defenses (Lectures 12/13) Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

What are the three lines of host defense?

A
  1. First line of defense
  2. Second line of defense
  3. Third line of defense
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2
Q

What body systems are involved in immunity?

A
  1. Lymphatic system
  2. Circulatory system
  3. Immune system
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3
Q

What is the structure and function of the lymphatic system?

A

vessels, cells, and organs that helps fight infections and remove waste from the body. It also returns extra fluid to the bloodstream to prevent swelling.

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4
Q

Which blood cells are involved in innate immunity?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Macrophages
  3. Dendritic cells
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5
Q

What are the four categories of innate immunity?

A
  1. Physical barriers
  2. Chemical barriers
  3. Cellular responses
  4. Inflammatory responses
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6
Q

What are the steps of phagocytosis?

A
  1. Chemotaxis (detection)
  2. Adhesion (attachment)
  3. Engulfment and phagosome formation
  4. Phagolysosome (kill zone) formation and killing
  5. Destruction (digestion)
  6. Elimination (clean up)
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7
Q

How does a fever help the immune response?

A
  1. Inhibits multiplication of temperature-sensitive microbes
  2. Reduces iron availability
  3. Increases metabolism and stimulates the immune system
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8
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small active molecules secreted to regulate, stimulate, suppress, and control aspects of cell development, inflammation, and immunity.

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9
Q

What is the role of the lymphatic fluid?

A

Carries white blood cells and transports lymph.

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10
Q

What is the function of the thymus in the immune system?

A

Site of T-cell maturation.

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11
Q

What is the role of the spleen?

A

Filters blood, removes worn-out RBCs.

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12
Q

What are primary lymphatic organs?

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Thymus
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13
Q

What are secondary lymphatic organs?

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Spleen
  3. Tonsils
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14
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a complex reaction to injury that mobilizes immune components.

A

inflammatory response

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15
Q

What is the process of diapedesis?

A

Migration of white blood cells from blood vessels into tissues.

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16
Q

What are pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

Cytokines that encourage specific and nonspecific immune responses.

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17
Q

What is the difference between good and bad antigens?

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A

Good antigens are large and complex; bad antigens are small and linear.

18
Q

What are haptens?

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A

Foreign molecules that are too small to activate immunity but can develop immunogenicity when attached to a larger protein.

19
Q

What is the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

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A

Present antigens to lymphocytes.

20
Q

What are the four stages of adaptive immunity?

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A
  1. Lymphocyte development
  2. Antigen presentation
  3. T-cell response (communicate and destroy)
  4. B-cell response (make weapons)
21
Q

True or False: Interferons are small proteins produced by certain WBCs and tissue cells.

22
Q

What is the function of the complement system?

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A

A cascade reaction involving proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism.

23
Q

What is the main function of antimicrobial peptides?

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A

Insert into cell membranes of bacteria to create pores that lead to cell lysis.

24
Q

What is immunocompetence?

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A

The body’s ability to react to countless foreign substances.

25
What is the role of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?
Recognizes self and presents antigens on all cells except red blood cells.
26
What are alloantigens?
Alloantigens are proteins found on the cells of other people (not your own body) that your immune system can recognize as foreign. ## Footnote Alloantigens can trigger immune responses in the recipient.
27
What do superantigens do?
Activates T-cells 100x faster than normal and can lead to toxic shock syndrome ## Footnote Superantigens bypass normal antigen processing.
28
What are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Cells that present antigen to a lymphocyte ## Footnote Includes macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells.
29
Which antigen-presenting cell is considered the most potent and versatile?
Dendritic Cells ## Footnote Dendritic cells play a key role in initiating T cell responses.
30
What happens during the T Cell response?
T cells divide after contact with MHC and antigen Simple summary: T cells notice the infection, send help, kill infected cells, and remember the invader for the future. ## Footnote This is a crucial part of the adaptive immune response.
31
What is the role of T Helper cells?
Regulate immune reactions to antigens and activate macrophages ## Footnote T Helper cells have the CD4 marker.
32
What do Cytotoxic T Cells do?
Destroy other cells, including virally infected cells, cancer cells, and cells from other animals ## Footnote Also known as killer cells.
33
What is the function of gamma-delta T cells?
Bridge between the 2nd and 3rd line of defense and respond more quickly ## Footnote They play a role in both innate and adaptive immunity.
34
What are immunoglobulin molecules?
Antibodies with antigen binding fragments ## Footnote They bind to receptors on the membranes of cells like macrophages and neutrophils.
35
What are the primary functions of antibodies?
Call attention to, immobilize, and neutralize antigens ## Footnote Antibodies are crucial for targeting pathogens.
36
What is the difference between natural and artificial immunity?
Natural immunity is from normal individual experience, while artificial immunity is from medical procedures ## Footnote Examples of artificial immunity include vaccinations.
37
What is active immunity?
Immune stimulus that activates B and T cells ## Footnote This can occur through infection or vaccination.
38
What is passive immunity?
Receive immune substance from the body of someone else ## Footnote Natural passive immunity occurs via placenta and breast milk.
39
What are the features of vaccines?
Protect against natural forms of pathogen, low level of side effects, stimulate B and T cells, produce memory, few boosters, inexpensive ## Footnote Vaccines are essential for public health.
40
What are the types of vaccines?
* Whole organisms * Partial organisms * DNA vaccines * mRNA vaccines * Whole cell vaccines * Killed vaccines * Live attenuated vaccines * Subunit vaccines ## Footnote Different types of vaccines have varying mechanisms and efficacy.
41
What is the purpose of DNA vaccines?
To induce an immune response by introducing DNA encoding antigens ## Footnote They are a newer approach in vaccination technology.
42
What is the third line of defense in the immune system?
Adaptive immunity involving T and B cells ## Footnote This line of defense is highly specific and has memory.

Microbiology 440 lecture exam 3 (4 decks)

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