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Micro Test 2- Albertson > Host- Microbe Relationships > Flashcards

Host- Microbe Relationships Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

The close association and interaction of two dissimilar organisms living together

A

Symbiosis

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2
Q

Those microorganisms which are normally and consistently found in or on the body in the absence of disease

A

Normal Flora

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3
Q

Association between organism in which one is benefitted and the other is neither benefitted nor harmed

A

Commensalism

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4
Q

Both the microbe and host derive benefits from the relationship

A

Mutualism

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5
Q

Disease traits of the resident flora are demonstrated only when normal host-microbe relationship is altered (surgery, immunological compromise, hormonal/chemical changes, prolonged antibiotic therapy)

A

Opportunism

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6
Q

Symbiotic relationship in which a microorganism live in or on a host at the expense of the host

A

Parasitism

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7
Q

Carrier of microbes from one host to another (i.e. insects/animals, inanimate articles)

A

Vector

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8
Q

The growth and spread of a pathogen in or on a host resulting in injury to the host tissue

A

Infectious disease

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9
Q

A microbe capable of causing disease by invading tissues, producing toxins or both

A

Pathogen

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10
Q

The degree of pathogenicity and has two factors

A

Virulence

Infectivity
Severity

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11
Q

How easily the microbe survives the normal host defenses and establishes infection

A

Infectivity

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12
Q

The damage it causes the infected host

A

Severity

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13
Q

What are the modes of transmission?

A

Direct contact
Inhalation
Ingestion
Parenteral

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14
Q

In microbial virulence factors: what is required in order to establish a site of infection? And by what means does this happen?

A

Attachment

Fimbrae
Surface chemicals
Adhesive matrix molecules

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15
Q

Attach to specific receptor in the specific tissue

A

Fimbrae

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16
Q

Dissolve covering of cells and aid chemical attachment

A

Surface chemicals

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17
Q

Produce bio films thus “protection” for bacteria within harsh human environment

A

Adhesive matrix molecules

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18
Q

The minimum number of organisms are required to establish infection (needed to overcome host defenses)

A

Quantity

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19
Q

Various chemicals that

  1. restrain the disease-causing action of the microbe until sufficient quantity of microbes are present, then
  2. switch of the disease-causing actions all at once
A

Quorum-sensing regulators

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20
Q

What prevents the microbe from being regulated and/ or destroyed by white blood cell (physical protection or chemical poison)

A

Antiphagocytic factors

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21
Q

What are some examples of phagocytic factors?

A

Capsule
Leukocidin
Coagulase
Survival of phagocytosis

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22
Q

What does a capsule do?

A

Slippery and slimy nature assists bacteria from being engulfed by phagocyte

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23
Q

What does leukocidin do?

A

Causes destruction of white blood cells

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24
Q

What does coagulase do?

A

Causes fibrin clot to form around the microbes

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25
What does the survival of phagocytosis do?
Resistantve to killing within a phagocyte
26
What do “invasive” enzymes do and what is their action?
Promote invasion and spread of a pathogen in/on the tissue Enable the pathogen to invade the tissue or the site of infection to spread
27
What are some examples of invasive enzymes?
``` Collagenase Lecithinase Hyaluronidase Fibrinolysin and Streptokinase Hemolysins Lipase Proteases Super Antigens ```
28
What breaks down collagen fibers thus destroying tissue integrity?
Collagenase
29
Destructive to cell membranes of red blood cells and other tissue cells
Lecithinase
30
Breaks down hyaluronic acid in cell membranes
Hyaluronidase
31
Loses fibrin in blood clots thus preventing isolation of the infection
Fibrinolysin and Streptokinase
32
Dissolve red blood cell membranes
Hemolysins
33
Digest lipids allowing bacteria to enter
Lipase
34
Digest proteins thus permitting bacteria to evade entrapment, digestion, etc
Proteases
35
Cause exacerbated immune or inflammatory response
Super Antigens
36
Characteristics of proteins that are excreted from the cell
Exotoxins - Cytolytic and receptior- binding proteins - Many are dimeric (A and B subunits; facilitates entry into tissue cells) - Tissues affected are very defined and limited - Superantigens are special group of toxins - Often coded on planks or lysogenic phage
37
What are exotoxins?
- Protiens excerpted from the cell - Cause specific and widespread biological effects on the body - Highly potent - Elicit good, protective antibodies
38
What are some examples of exotoxins?
Tetanus neurotoxin (attack motor nerves, involuntary muscle contractions) Staphylococcal enterotoxin (diarrhea, vomiting) Cholera toxin (massive diarrhea) Diphtheria toxin (interferes w/ protein production in bronchial, inactivates protein production in heart muscle) Streptococcal erythrogenic toxin (scarlet fever rash)
39
What happens if their is a very high level of endotoxins in the bloodstream?
Can trigger very large effects (shock and death) even though it is not very potent per unit weight
40
What kind of antibodies does endotoxins elicit?
Not very good or protective antibodies
41
What do endotoxins bind to?
CD14 and TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4) on macrophages, B-cells, other cells
42
What is released upon disintegration of the cell?
Lipid A- lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of gram- negative cell walls
43
What is an example of endotoxins?
Gram-negative bacillus cell wall sloughs off or disintegrates
44
DNA code is translated into intended enzymes and proteins (a some of which are antigens)
Normal genetic operation
45
Extrachromosomal DNA (small, separate piece) in bacteria
Plasmid
46
Characteristics of plasmid?
- Code for some exotoxins, antibiotic resistance, invasive enzymes, etc - Transmitted to daughter cells during cell division - Passed to another bacterium during conjugation
47
Viral DNA incorporated into bacterial DNA
Lysogeny
48
Characteristics of lysogeny?
- Code for some exotoxins and invasive enzymes | - Introduced by viral infection of bacteria and transmitted to daughter bacterial cells during cell division
49
Pieces of genetic material from one organism are incorporated into the genetic material of another organism
Gene recombination
50
What does gene recombination result in?
- Different (new types) antigens are produced (current immunity not effective, e.g. influenza virus) - Causes increased resistance to antibodies
51
How do bacteria gain ABX resistance?
Mutated genes Plasmid encoded genes Lysogenic virus
52
What does the ABX- resistant bacterium in the community/ hospital leads to?
Survival of the mutant Increasing numbers of the mutant in the population Disease problems increase and spread to new geographic locations
53
Bacterial enzyme which inactivated many beta-lactam antimicrobics (penicillin)
Beta lactamase
54
Lab test for beta-lactamase is automatic with these bacteria and what happens I’d the report is positive?
Plasmid encoded gene - Then use an antibiotic which is resistant to Banta-lactamase
55
Version that affects a larger group of antimicrobics that are typically not affected by typical beta- lactamase
Extended spectrum Beta- lactamase (ESBL)
56
What do we consider MRSA to be resistant to?
All beta-lactamase antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins)
57
Encodes a low-affinity penicillin binding protein (PBP2a)
Mutated mecA gene
58
Charateristics of Carbapenem- Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)- Carbapenemase- producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE)
- Mutated genes for outer membrane poring (pore protiens) and PBP transpeptides - Form of beta- lactamase - Carried by plasmids
59
What does Carbapenem- Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)- Carbapenemase- producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) result in?
Loss of drug diffusion into periplasm Loss of cross linking activity of PBP
60
What are the four global and US antimicrobial drug resistance threat 2
Antibiotic resistance of GLOBAL concern URGENT threat level pathogens (USA) SERIOUS threat level pathogens (USA) US national strategy for combating antibiotic- Resistant Bacteria
61
What are the non-specific factors of host resistance factors?
Innate species Immunity/ resistance Physical/ mechanical barriers Chemical barriers Phagocytosis Inflammation
62
What are the specific factors of host resistance factors?
Cell-mediated immunity
63
Examples of physical/ mechanical barriers
- Skin prevents entry - Mucous membranes (trap invading organisms) - Cilia of respiratory tract (move particles to through where they are swallowed) - Peristaltic action of gut (moves gut contents at slow, steady pace preventing overgrowth) - Normal flora (occupy attachment sites and compete for nutrients)
64
Examples of chemical barriers
- Acid pH (stomach, skin, vagina, urine) - denatures most organisms - Bile salts (intestines) - inhibitory to many microbes - Lysozyme (tears, saliva) - digests gram- positive cell - Antimicrobial chemicals from normal flora - Interferon (type of lymphokine) - local defense by producing inhibiting substances that interfere w/ viral reproduction
65
Antigen stimulated the release of biologically active substance called lymphokines and then they enhance phagocytosis and killing
Cell- mediated immunity

Micro Test 2- Albertson (3 decks)

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