HOVORKA Q's [Connective Tissue, Bone and Cartilage, Nervous Tissue, Muscles] Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
fibril
A
polymerized tropocollagen
2
Q
fibers
A
groups of fibrils large enough to be seen by microscope
3
Q
which vitamin is required for hydrolyzation of proline and lysine?
A
vitamin C
4
Q
what is constitutively secreted from cell as pro collagen?
A
glycoprotein
5
Q
where do you find tropocollagen?
A
in extracellular matrix
6
Q
name 5 examples of glycosaminoglycans
A
hyaluronic acid, chondroiten sulfate, heparin sulfate, derma tan sulfate, keratan sulfate
7
Q
type I collagen chain
A
α1(I)2α2
8
Q
type II collagen chain
A
α1(II)3
9
Q
type III collagen chain
A
α1(III)3
10
Q
where do you find type I collagen?
A
in connective tissue proper & bone
11
Q
where do you find type II collagen?
A
in cartilage
12
Q
[HIGH YIELD] which type of collagen forms reticular fibers?
A
type III collagen
13
Q
what does type IV collagen form?
A
basal lamina
14
Q
elastin
A
protein with alternating hydrophilic alpha-helical domains and hydrophobic random coil domains, cross-linked within extracellular matrix
15
Q
fibrilin
A
glycoprotein that forms structural support for the elastic fibers
16
Q
what makes up elastic fibers?
A
elastin and fibrilin
17
Q
fibroblast
A
fixed cell; most common cell; produce extracellular matrix
18
Q
what do you call the cell of dense connective tissue?
A
fibroblast
19
Q
what are the cells of loose connective tissue?
A
fibroblast, leukocyte, macrophage, adipocyte, mast cell
20
Q
which connective tissue proper has a lot of ground substance?
A
loose connective tissue
21
Q
what are the characteristics of loose connective tissue?
A
- fewer collagen and elastic fibers
- forms lamina propria
- supports overlying epithelium
22
Q
what are the characteristics of regular dense connective tissue?
A
- collagen fibers in bundles arranged in parallel or orthogonally
- forms tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
23
Q
what are the characteristics of irregular dense connective tissue?
A
- collagen fibers in bundles with random orientation resists stretching
- forms capsules and submucosae
- *forms reticular layer of skin
24
Q
where do you find reticular tissue?
A
in capsules of spleen, lymph nodes, liver, and bone marrow
25
what allows water, nutrients, and dissolved gasses to leak out into the interstitial from capillaries?
fenestrated endothelium
26
how are proteins released into tissues during inflammation?
through kinin system and complement system
27
what is the effect of proteins being released into tissue during inflammation?
increased sensitivity to pain
28
particularly which leukocytes are responsible for inflammation?
neutrophils and basophils
29
what is the matrix secreting cell of the connective tissue proper?
fibroblast
30
which cells are present in blood?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
31
what is the cartilage matrix component?
hyaluronic acid (as a component of the ground substance) forms a gelatinous matrix
32
what type of muscles make up tongue and esophagus?
skeletal.
NOTE: remember, some viscera can be made of skeletal muscles
33
what does somatic mean?
voluntary
34
what does autonomic mean?
involuntary
35
which of the muscles is not striated?
smooth
36
which of the muscles have long nuclei?
smooth
37
skeletal muscle organization from biggest to smallest
muscle --> muscle fascicle --> muscle fibre --> myofibrils --> myofilaments
38
TRUE or FALSE? "one axon branches to innervate all muscle fibers"
True
39
name the connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
40
what does perimysium wrap?
fascicle
41
what does endomysium wrap?
muscle fiber
42
what's another name for muscle cell?
muscle fiber
43
what does epimysium wrap?
muscle
44
what is endomyseum made up of?
reticular fibers
45
which connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle contains blood vessels and nerves?
perimyseum
46
which of the connective tissue associated with skeletal muscle is thickest?
perimyseum
47
what are the characteristics of myofibrils?
- repeating sarcomeres
- contractile element of the cell
- extend the entire length of the muscle fiber
48
Z dics
the borders that separate and link sarcomeres within a skeletal muscle
49
sarcomere
segment between 2 neighboring Z lines
50
I band
- the zone of thin filaments that is not superimposed by thick filaments
- surrounds the Z disc
51
A band
contains the entire length of a single thick filament
52
H zone
- pale region within the A band
| - the zone of the thick filaments that is not superimposed by the thin filaments
53
M line
inside H zone
54
name the 2 thin filaments
actin, tropomyosin, troponin
55
is myosin thick or thin filament?
thick
56
how many chains does myosin have?
2 heavy (rod and head), 4 light (regulatory)
57
[difficult-long answer] characteristics of skeletal muscle fiber characteristics
- long, multinucleate cell
- striations
- peripherally located nuclei, squeezed by the numerous myofibrils
- sarcoplasmic reticulum around myofibrils
- -2 T tubules per sarcomere, surrounding myofibrils
- mitochondria between myofibrils
58
red muscle fiber
fast-twitch
59
white muscle fiber
slow-twitch
60
[difficult-long answer] cardiac muscle fiber characteristics
- short, mono nucleated cells joined together end to end
- gap junctions connect neighboring cells
- intercalated disks
- centrally located nuclei
- SR around myofibrils, less organized and less extensive than in skeletal muscle
- single T tubule per sarcomere
- mitochondria around nuclei and bw myofibrils
61
[difficult-long answer] smooth muscle fiber characteristics
-fusiform, mononucleated cells
-myofilaments arranged around cytoplasmic densities, not in parallel
-gap junctions connect neighboring cells
-centrally located nuclei
SR well developed and in contact with sarcolemma
-no T tubules
-mitochondria around nuclei and bw myofibrils
-capable of cell division
62
which type of muscle fibers is capable of cell division?
smooth
63
what is another term for "spongy" when describing a bone?
cancellous
64
periosteum
surrounds outside of compact bone; continuous with tendon
65
endoosteum
lines inner surface of bone facing marrow cavity and aversion canals
66
what is the only place you can find osteoblasts?
at the boundary between born and periosteum/endosteum
67
osteoblast
secrete boen matrix (uncalcified) --> has extensive rough ER and golgi as a result of its active secretion of matrix
68
osteocyte
- obsteoblasts that have become "trapped" within lacunae of calcified matrix
- connected to one another by gap junctions via processes that extend through canaliculi for the transport of nutrients and wastes
69
over 1/2 weight of bone is due to _____
calcium phosphate crystals
70
what is the organic part of the bone matrix?
collage (type I)
71
what is the inorganic part of the bone matrix?
calcium phosphate crystals
72
boen matrix is arranged in layers called _____
Lamellae
73
collagens that make up the bone matrix
glycosaminoglycans
| glycoproteins
74
osteon
concentric rings of lamellae
75
T/F each concentric lamellae has fibers in opposite orientation.
TRUE
76
T/F interstitial lamellae are remnants of older osteons
TRUE
77
perichondrium
connective tissue associated with cartilage
78
blood vessels in perichondrium support cartilage cells via _____ of nutrients/wastes through the matrix
diffusion
79
perichondrium has _____ ability to repair cartilage
limited
80
T/F perichondrium is present at articular surfaces and epiphyseal plates
FALSE. perichondrium is NOT present at articular surfaces and epiphyseal plates.
81
chondroblast is derived from _____ cells in _____
progenetor; perichondrium
82
once chondroblasts become totally surrounded by the matrix, they become _____
chondrocytes
83
what type of collagen does the capsular matrix contain?
type IV collagen
84
what secretes the territorial matrix?
isogenous group
85
where can you find elastic cartilage?
in pinna of ear, ear canal, and epiglottis
86
where can you find fibrocartialge?
at symphysis joints (pubic symphysis & intervertebral disks)
articular disks
menisci
87
does fibrocartilage have perichondrium?
nope; instead, fibroblasts are incorporated within tissue
88
what don't you see in the cartilage?
vasculature
89
T/F bone is highly vascular
TRUE
90
T/F nuclei within the internal regions of the brain also contain gray matter.
TRUE
91
[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] gray matter occupies the _____ region in the brain and the _____ region in the spinal cord.
peripheral; central
92
[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] white matter occupies the _____ region in the brain and the _____ region in the spinal cord.
central; peripheral
93
dorsal horns contain _____ neurons
sensory
94
ventral horns contain _____ neurons
motor
95
meninges are connective tissue of _____
CNS
96
what kind of connective tissue is dura mater?
dense irregular connective tissue
97
what kind of connective tissue is arachnoid mater?
loose connective tissue
98
what kind of connective tissue is pia mater?
loose connective tissue
99
perineurium
directly surrounds the fascicle
100
epineurium
- surrounds entire nerve
- dense irregular CT
- surrounds entire nerves and fills spaces between fascicles
101
endoneurium
surrounds nerve fiber (axon and its associated myelin)
102
which part of the neuron determine its type?
dendrites
103
paracharion
cell body of a neuron
104
[LIKELY HIGH YIELD] nissl bodies are regions of rough ER present throughout the soma except at the _____
axon hillock
105
T/F bipolar neuron has 1 dendrite and 1 axon
TRUE
106
pseudounipolar neuron has peripheral and central process. which process delivers the signal to the central system?
the central process
107
most neurons in the body are _____ (which are _____); characterized by multiple _____ coming off its soma
multipolar; motorneurons; dendrites
108
T/F psudounipolar neurons are sensory neurons.
TRUE
109
T/F bipolar neurons are special sensory neurons
TRUE
110
what do satellite cells do?
support soma
111
what do satellite cells do that Schwann cells don't?
transfer metabolic wastes from the neuron
112
which parts of the axon have sodium channels?
node of rangier
113
what do oligodendrocytes make?
mylein
114
astrocytes
- foot processes surround blood vessels
- provides neurons with nutrients, removes wastes
- forms blood-brain barrier
115
microglia
phagocytose debris in nervous tissue
116
ependymal cells
```
line ventricles
produce CSF (choroid plexus)
```
117
what are the 4 CNS support cells?
1) oligodendrocytes
2) astrocytes
3) microglia
4) ependymal cells
118
chromatolysis
degeneration of Nissl bodies
119
bw sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia, which is more dense?
sympathetic ganglia
120
dorsal root ganglia
- located along dorsal root of spinal nerve
- contain cell bodies of afferent neurons
- nuclei are centrally placed
121
sympathetic ganglia
- located along sympathetic chain
- contain cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic neurons (motor)
- nuclei are located toward periphery of soma
122
parasympathetic ganglia
- located within wall of viscera
- contain cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetic (motor) neurons
- nuclei are located toward periphery of soma
- many ganglia, each with few neurons
