How did it cause migration to and from Britain? Flashcards

Question

Why did Jews migrate to Britain in the 1930s?

Answer 1

Jews migrated to Britain in the 1930s to escape Nazi persecution and growing antisemitism across Europe. The rise of Hitler, the introduction of racial laws, and violent events like Kristallnacht (1938) forced many Jews to flee to other countries such as Britain, where they chose to stay.

Answer 2

During/after WW2 (1939-50s)

Answer 3

To escape Nazi rule and persecution

Answer 4

114,000 Poles chose to stay in Britain, along with other Eastern Europeans, as many had no homes to return to or feared further persecution from the Soviet Union, who took over

Answer 5

Huguenots Migration to America (Catholics, Puritans) Ulster plantations

Answer 6

King James I 'planted' Protestants from Scotland and England into Northern Ireland (Ulster) He hoped that they would be obedient to him and his government, and influence the Catholic locals Many moved in the hopes of discovering a better life for themselves and their family

Answer 7

The population of Ulster grew rapidly as thousands of Protestants arrived They brought their own customs and religion Many native Irish people resented the Protestant 'invasion' and due to opposing religious beliefs, tensions and conflict continued for centuries among the groups

Answer 8

1870s - 80s

Answer 9

Jews migrated from Eastern Europe and Russia, where they were being heavily persecuted and blamed for the death of Tsar Alexander II (1881) Laws and restrictions against Jews were strictly enforced, and religious attacks, POGROMS, were common Between 1881 - 1914, 120,000 Jews migrated to Britain to find safety

Answer 10

Jewish refugees had little in common with the Jews already living in Britain; they looked different and lacked education and good English They were hard workers who were underpaid and worked and lived in poor conditions They made clothes, shoes and furniture in sweatshops The majority of Jews were law-abiding citizens who did not complain about their treatment There was anger and hostility felt from British people who accused Jews from stealing jobs M&S and Tesco were both founded from Jewish families living at this time

Answer 11

Indenture system (FROM) The Danelaw (TO) British Nationality Act (TO)

Answer 12

Someone who is paid to travel abroad, and then has a contract to work until they can pay back their loan

Answer 13

In the 1600s, indentured servants were paid to travel to America to work on plantations, as settlers did not want to face the heat, diseases and starvation that were present The servants would work for a set time, and at the end of their contract, they were free to work for wages Indentured labourers were replaced by slaves on plantations as they were cheaper and had no rights

Answer 14

In the 1800s: South Indians moved to Malaysia Indians moved to Kenya and Uganda British people moved to Australia

Answer 15

Agreed to work for 5 years Received basic wages and transport Picked tea leaves or tapped rubber After their service, they would return to South India

Answer 16

Built roads, railways, bridges Some returned to India while others stayed Their descendants became businessmen, bankers, shopkeepers Assimilated into African culture - "Kenyan Asians" and "Ugandan Asians"

Answer 17

Convicted criminals sent to Australia to build settlements Government enforced the policy due to overcrowded jails in Britain Most convicts stayed and many became farmers

Answer 18

878 at the Battle of Edington

Answer 19

Guthrum, the Viking leader had to become Christian and agree to never attack Wessex again Boundaries were agreed between the Anglo-Saxon and Viking territories The Vikings would live in the North and East of England, known as the Danelaw Vikings therefore had to internally migrate to these areas

Answer 20

A law passed by the British government that gave anyone living within the Commonwealth the status of a British passport holder. This meant that they could live and work in Britain This was one of the main factors that contributed to the influx of Jamaican migrants from the Empire Windrush

Answer 21

22nd June 1948

Answer 22

A ship that was returning from Australia that stopped in Kingston, Jamaica to pick up British soldiers stationed there 492 Jamaicans - mostly young men - also boarded the ship, in the hopes of starting a new life in Britain

Answer 23

- Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago were a part of the British empire and supplied troops to Britain during WW2; these soldiers and many others felt a sense of involvement and pride in Britain - Jamaica had been devastated by a hurricane in 1944 - Poverty was common, there was no tourism industry, and their main export - sugar - was at an all-time low price - British Nationality Act, 1948 - Britain was short of workers -> healthcare, transport, building - Many Caribbeans spoke English and were raised upon British values

Answer 24

Many Caribbean immigrants were met with racist attitudes from British people - the "colour bar" The "colour" bar prevented minority ethnic groups from renting houses or getting good jobs Many immigrants worked low-paid jobs as ticket collectors and cleaners Most Caribbeans settled in industrial areas such as Liverpool, Manchester, Nottingham and Birmingham There was open violence against Caribbeans, such as in 1958 in Notting Hill, London where white and black youths fought in the streets for weeks Following the riots, Claudia Jones, a Caribbean immigrant who fought for equality, established the Notting Hill carnival in 1959, which became one of the largest street festivals in the world Despite the discrimination, thousands of people from the Caribbean still decided to make Britain their home

Answer 25

Introduced the Commonwealth Immigration Act (1968), which reduced the number of Black and Asian immigrants which could enter the country

Answer 26

Plantations (FROM) Irish migration (TO) Viking Invasion (TO) Empire Windrush (TO)

Answer 27

After the establishment of the first successful British colony in America in 1607, more Britons were willing to settle in the new world, as lots of money could be made Crops such as cotton, sugar, tobacco and potatoes were grown on massive farms - plantations - and exported back to Britain for massive profit British traders create colonies in the Caribbean such as Barbados (1925) and the Cayman islands (1670) Plantations became the most important source of trade for the Americas, allowing the colonies to survive

Answer 28

British investors were keen on developing trade in the Americas, as it would help to pay for the expansion of the British empire elsewhere, such as India Cotton could be EXPORTED from the new world to Britain, where it would be turned into fabric in factories and sold back to the colonies for profit Wheat, rice, and coffee could be IMPORTED and sold to the colonies

Answer 29

Made Britain massive profit and expanded its empire British monarchs stopped giving permission to privateers to steal from other countries as it was less profitable By the 1720s, piracy was rare in the Americas Laid the foundations for the slave trade as indentured labourers were inevitably replaced by slaves

Answer 30

The late 18th century+

Answer 31

To escape extreme poverty and find better paid work They worked as Navvies - building canals, bridges, railways and lived in poor quality housing In 1948, 'potato blight' - a disease that ruined Ireland's biggest harvest - caused a famine that killed ~1 mil people

Answer 32

Most of the Irish were Catholic and Britain was Protestant, leading to religious tension Due to their poor living conditions, many Irish people gained diseases which the British blamed them for spreading The Irish were blamed for high crime rates due to their rowdy behaviour Accused of stealing jobs and often banned from applying 2001 census showed that 6 million people had Irish heritage Britain's canals, roads and railways could not have been built without Irish Navvies Irish dancing, music and bars have become part of British culture

Answer 33

They had traded with Britain for many years and knew of the wealth that the Anglo-Saxons possessed The Vikings attacked in summer where the conditions were calmer for their small ships They raided villages and monasteries on the coast, and stole gold, silver, cattle and people 😳🤨

Answer 34

They started by sailing upstream and made semi-permanent camps for longer stays Eventually, the Vikings realised that Britain offered greater opportunities than their homeland Norway was too cold, hilly, and crops struggled to grow Denmark had sandy soil that limited cattle rearing Scandinavia was becoming overcrowded, so the youngest sons of farming families joined the army to make their own fortune by moving to foreign lands

Answer 35

Danelaw established Brought their own laws, customs, crafts, practises Language: Thor = Thursday Freya = Friday Towns ending with "-by", "-thorpe" or "-thwaite" are Viking Egg, bread, sister, happy, muck

Answer 36

Improvements in ship technology + navigation (TO and FROM)

Answer 37

Viking longboat was strong enough to withstand the North sea but small enough to travel up British rivers In the late 1400s they meant that longer journeys were possible and more ships would return home safely In the 1600s they facilitated the Age of Discovery where British established colonies in America, Asia, the Caribbean i.e. the Mayflower which transported Puritans to America

Answer 38

John Cabot John Hawkins Sir Francis Drake Walter Raleigh William the Conqueror

Answer 39

Given the task of discovering new lands by Henry VIII in 1496, marking the start of the British Empire Discovered Canada His voyage allowed other British settlers to move to the East Coast and settle in this 'Newfoundland', establishing a base for explorers such as Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh

Answer 40

An English Naval commander, privateer and merchant Became Britain's first slave trader in 1562 - captured ~300 Africans who had been enslaved by the Portuguese and sold them in the Caribbean for a large profit He and other privateers completed many more voyages like this over the following years, trading ~1300 people (some backed by Queen Elizabeth) This laid the foundations for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, which would create immense wealth for England

Answer 41

Sir Francis Drake circumnavigated the globe between 1577-1580 in his ship the Golden Hind, raiding Spanish ships as he travelled, returning £200 million in modern money and removing national debt played a crucial role in the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588; he was second in command of the English fleet English naval power grew immensely, becoming dominant over many other countries Accompanied his cousin, John Hawkins, on a voyage in 1564 to West Africa to capture 400 slaves, backed by Queen Elizabeth England laid the foundations for its later empire through his actions

Answer 42

Privateer loyal to Elizabeth I Made his riches in South America searching for El Dorado - the city of gold funded an attempt to establish a colony in North America but never actually went there colony established at Roanoke in 1587 but did not last, possibly due to territorial natives In 1584, Queen Elizabeth gave Raleigh permission to explore, colonise and rule any Non-Christian land Would give 1/5 of all gold and silver to the Queen in return

Answer 43

After Edward the Confessor, King of England died in 1066 with no children, the heir to the English throne was unclear The three main contenders were: Harold Godwinson (English) Harald Hardrada (Viking) William, Duke of Normandy (French) The day after Edward died, the Witan (government) elected Harold Godwinson as king His rivals began to plot their invasions

Answer 44

He was the most powerful man in England, an Englishman and valiant soldier The witan (the council of the most powerful English nobles) wanted him to succeed the throne

Answer 45

The Viking ruler of Norway, claimed to be King of Denmark too After many years of Viking rule, he felt as though he should become king to continue their great influence

Answer 46

A close friend of Edward the Confessor who claimed that the throne had been promised to him He also claimed that Harold Godwinson supported his appeal for the throne

Answer 47

Harald Hardrada invades and is defeated at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in September 1066 Days later, news reaches Godwinson that William had landed on English shores Harold rushed south to fight William, but was defeated and killed at the Battle of Hastings on the 14th October 1066 William crushed any resistance on his way to London and was crowned King of England on Christmas day 1066

Answer 48

Many rebellions across the country which were put down fiercely William rewarded loyal Norman followers by gifting them jobs in the Church and lands stolen from the English England was divided between Norman barons and lords, who kept the peace with private armies The barons and knights built castles to protect themselves from English rebels -> over 500 built Hundreds of churches, cathedrals, monasteries built French replaced English as the official court language Anglo-Saxons became second-class citizens, they were taxed and ruled by a foreign power

How did it cause migration to and from Britain? Flashcards

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