HP

Question 1

It is defined as the exchange of gases between the organism and its
environment.

Answer 1

RESPIRATION

Question 2

○ The circulatory system is concerned with
the transportation of blood throughout the
body.
○ Blood carries food, oxygen, and water to
the tissues and waste materials from the
tissues

Answer 2

CIRCULATION

Question 3

The red blood cells (RBC) carry ____ of all
oxygen in the body.

Answer 3

95%

Question 4

It is described as a state of oxygen deficiency in the blood, tissues, and cells
sufficient to cause an impairment of body functions.

Answer 4

HYPOXIA

Question 5

caused by a lack of oxygen in the surrounding area. This can
occur very suddenly at very high altitudes.
● This is any condition that interrupts the flow of oxygen into the lungs. This is the type of hypoxia encountered at altitude

Answer 5

HYPOXIC HYPOXIA

Question 6

caused by blood deficiency,
● When this happens, oxygen cannot attach itself to the hemoglobin and the blood will not be able to
carry a sufficient amount of oxygen to the cells in
your body.

Answer 6

HYPEMIC

Question 7

a is an oxygen deficiency due to poor circulation of the blood.

Answer 7

STAGNANT

Question 8

This type of hypoxia is because of the cells’ inability to effectively use oxygen.

Answer 8

HISTOTOXIC

Question 9

described as the period of time from interruption of the oxygen supply or exposure to an oxygen-poor environment to the
time when an individual is no longer capable of taking proper corrective and
protective action.

Answer 9

TIME OF USEFUL
CONSCIOUSNESS

Question 10

the state of breathing faster and/or deeper than necessary, bringing light headedness and other undesirable symptoms often associated with
panic attacks.

Answer 10

HYPERVENTILATION

Question 11

As the blood is slowly restricted to the brain, the eyes will also be affected.

Answer 11

BLURRY VISION

Question 12

The ________ experienced is due to the alkaline-high blood reacting with the sensitive nerves
of the extremities.

Answer 12

TINGLING

Question 13

As the alkaline-high blood enters the muscle, the muscle will react by twitching. Muscles of
the face and the forearms seem to be the most prone.

Answer 13

TWITCHING MUSCLES

Question 14

As the alkaline increases in the blood and the blood penetrates deep within the muscle, the muscle will progress from the twitch to an eventual muscle spasm.

Answer 14

TETANY

Question 15

chemically abbreviated as “CO”, is one of the most common and toxic substances in the aviation environment.

Answer 15

CARBON MONOXIDE

Question 16

It is a hidden menace because by itself, it is both a colorless and odorless gas. An individual would not be aware of its presence until symptoms are developed

Answer 16

CARBON MONOXIDE

Question 17

installed in aircrafts to help in
combating the effects of carbon
monoxide poisoning, AKA the “Silent
Killer”.

Answer 17

CARBON MONOXIDE DETECTORS

Question 18

It is the result of light striking the
retina, after it enters the cornea and
passes through the lens.

Answer 18

VISION

Question 19

the center most part of the macula.

Answer 19

FOVEA

Question 20

Rods are not always instantly ready for use. The rods contain a substance called

Answer 20

rhodopsin, or visual purple.

Question 21

○ This is the loss of proper bearings; state of mental confusion as to position,
location, or movement relative to the position of the earth.
○ An incorrect mental image of your position, attitude or movement in relation to what is actually happening to your aircraft.
○ Can be caused by misleading information being sent to the brain by your body’s various sensory organs.

Answer 21

SPATIAL DISORIENTATION

Question 22

It acts as the receptor organ for visual sensations

Answer 22

THE EYE

Question 23

It acts as the receptor organ for visual sensations

Answer 23

THE EYE

Question 24

The tension of the various muscles in your body assist you in determining your
position within a frame of reference, as well as any motion with respect to this
reference.
○ This is also known as “flying by the seat of your pants”.

Answer 24

SKELETAL MUSCLES

Question 25

○ One end of each semicircular canal in the ear is enlarged, and in this area is a mound of sensory hair cells. ○ Angular acceleration, or rotation, of the body along either the yaw, pitch, or roll axis will move the fluid in a respective canal. ○ This movement displaces the sensory hairs and an impulse is sent to the brain to be interpreted as motion about a known axis.

Answer 25

VESTIBULAR APPARATUS

Question 26

During a constant rate turn, if you tilt your head down to get a pen, the rapid head movement puts the fluid in motion in more than one semicircular canal.

Answer 26

CORIOLIS ILLUSION

Question 27

● Once the turn to the right is detected, and the turn is stopped, the fluid in the canal will continue to move. ● This would cause an opposite sensation as though one was now turning to the left.

Answer 27

GRAVEYARD SPIN AND SPIRAL

Question 28

Occurs when an abrupt recovery or a rapid correction is made to a bank, sensing a roll in the opposite direction.

Answer 28

LEANS ILLUSION

Question 29

During a constant rate turn, if you tilt your head down to get a pen, the rapid head movement puts the fluid in motion in more than one semicircular canal.

Answer 29

CORIOLIS ILLUSION

Question 30

○ One end of each semicircular canal in the ear is enlarged, and in this area is a mound of sensory hair cells. ○ Angular acceleration, or rotation, of the body along either the yaw, pitch, or roll axis will move the fluid in a respective canal. ○ This movement displaces the sensory hairs and an impulse is sent to the brain to be interpreted as motion about a known axis.

Answer 30

VESTIBULAR APPARATUS

Question 31

Occurs when an abrupt recovery or a rapid correction is made to a bank, sensing a roll in the opposite direction. "rapid correction"

Answer 31

LEANS ILLUSION

Question 32

A rapid acceleration can produce the illusion that you are in a nose-high attitude even though you are still in straight and level flight "rapid acceleration"

Answer 32

SOMATOGRAVIC ILLUSION

Question 33

4 types of Visual illusions

Answer 33

○ Autokinesis ○ False Horizons ○ Vection Illusion ○ Black-Hole Approach Illusion

Question 34

An abrupt change from climb to straight and level flight can create a feeling that you are tumbling backward.

Answer 34

INVERSION ILLUSION

Question 35

At night, a static light may appear to move if it is allowed to become the prime focus fof attention

Answer 35

AUTOKINESIS

Question 36

these illusions are caused by flying over a banked cloud, night flying over a featureless terrain with ground lights that are indistinguishable from a dark sky with stars, or night flying over a featureless terrain with a clearly defined pattern of ground lights and a dark, starless sky.

Answer 36

FALSE HORIZONS

Question 37

________ __________ is a common example is when you are stopped at a traffic light in your car and the car next to you edges forward. Your brain interprets this peripheral visual information as though you are moving backwards and makes you apply additional pressure to the brakes.

Answer 37

VECTION ILLUSION

Question 38

This can happen during a final approach at night (no stars or moonlight) over water or un-lighted terrain to a lighted runway beyond which the horizon is not visible. ● When peripheral visual cues are not available to help you orient yourself relative to the earth, you may have the illusion of being upright and may perceive the runway to be tilted left and upsloping

Answer 38

BLACK-HOLE ILLUSION

Question 39

○ A final approach over a flat terrain with an upsloping runway may produce the visual illusion of a high-altitude final approach. ○ If you believe this illusion, you may respond by pitching the aircraft nose down to decrease the altitude, which, if performed too close to the ground, may result in an accident.

Answer 39

Upsloping Runway

Question 40

○ A final approach over a flat terrain with a downsloping runway may produce the visual illusion of a low-altitude final approach. ○ If you believe this illusion, you may respond by pitching the aircraft nose up to increase the altitude, which may result in a low-altitude stall or a missed approach.

Answer 40

Downsloping Runway

Question 41

It is a systematic approach to the mental process used by airplane pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances.

Answer 41

AERONAUTICAL DECISION MAKING (ADM)

Question 42

are traps that pilots fall into, avoidance of which is actually simple in nature. ● These are classic behavioral traps into which pilots have been known to fall.

Answer 42

OPERATIONAL PITFALLS