HPHD

Question 0

What are the biomedical and biopsychosocial models?

Answer 0

Biomedical - biological/physiological processes. Treat with physical intervention
BPS - includes social and psychological aspects

Question 1

What is health psychology?

Answer 1

Contribution of psychology to the maintenance of health and the treatment of illness

Question 2

What are stereotypes? Why do we have them, when do we rely on them and how can we get rid of them?

Answer 2

Generalisations about specific groups. Saves processing power. When were pressured/fatigued. Get to know the group and self reflect

Question 3

What is the difference between stereotype, prejudice and discrimination? Use an example

Answer 3

Stereotypes is cognitive. Prejudice is evaluative. Discrimination is behavioural
Old people - pre judge that they will conform to their stereotype is prejudice. Acting on that is discrimination

Question 4

Define health related behaviour

Answer 4

Anything that may promote good health or lead to illness

Question 5

What are the 3 learning theories?

Answer 5

Classical conditioning - Pavlov
Operant conditioning - Skinner
Social learning theory - Bobo doll

Question 6

Name the social cognition models

Answer 6

Health belief model

Theory of planned behaviour

Question 7

What are the theoretical stages of change?

Answer 7

Contemplate
Prepare
Action
Maintenance
Relapse

Question 8

What are the different levels of drinking behaviour?

Answer 8

Abstinence, low risk, hazardous, harmful, moderate dependence, severe dependence

Question 9

What are the 5 principles of motivational interviewing?

Answer 9

Express empathy
Avoid argument
Roll with resistance
Support self efficacy
Develop discrepancy

Question 10

What are the 8 steps of motivational interviewing?

Answer 10

Establish rapport, set agenda, assess readiness to change, sharpen focus, identify ambivalence, elicit self motivating statements, handle resistance and shift focus

Question 11

Define compliance, adherence and concordance

Answer 11

Extent patient COMPLIES with medical advice
Extent patient COINCIDES with medical advice
The nature of interaction between doctor patient - Negotiation between patient and doctor over treatment

Question 12

Why is concordance advantageous?

Answer 12

Leads to better adherence as the patient feels more involved and their beliefs, lifestyle and priorities are accounted for and addressed

Question 13

What is the approximate rate of non compliance in chronic illnesses?

Answer 13

50%

Question 14

What are some methods of measuring compliance? Give pros and cons

Answer 14

Urine/blood test/observation - accurate but expensive and invasive
Pill count - can lose pills
Reports - easy but biased

Question 15

What factors might cause non compliance? Give an example of each

Answer 15

Illness - no symptoms
Treatment - not easy/side effects
Patient - lack of understanding or has beliefs
Psychosocial - personality
Healthcare - doesn't like the prescriber

Question 16

Why might unintentional adherence occur? And intentional?

Answer 16

Lack of capacity/resources

Belief/attitude/expectation

Question 17

What is an intervention and is it effective?

Answer 17

Address barriers/perceptions

Broadly effective but by small amounts. Isn’t patient centred

Question 18

What is stress?

Answer 18

A short term change to mobilise for activity, mainly triggered by Catecholamines

Question 19

What are the short term changes in the body due to stress?

Answer 19

Increase O2, fuel availability, mental and physical functioning
Conserve energy by reducing digestion/sex drive
Prepare for tissue damage

Question 20

What is the effect of stress on the immune system in the short and long term?

Answer 20

Short term improves immune function

Long term reduces

Question 21

What are the four negative effects stress has on health?

Answer 21

Mental health, immune system, physical (e.g. Cardiovascular) and unhealthy behaviours

Question 22

What are the steps of appraisal?

Answer 22

Primary - is there a threat?
Secondary - can I cope with it?
Reappraisal - now I’ve tried it do I feel different

Question 23

What is the function of attachment?

Answer 23

Maintain proximity to caregiver

Question 24

What are the benefits of a secure attachment?

Answer 24

Social competence, peer relations

Question 25

What are the three stages of child development?

Answer 25

Prefer human faces to inanimate 3 months - Distinguish strangers and non strangers and prefer non strangers 8 months - child will miss key people and be wary of strangers

Question 26

What behavioural changes accompany separation?

Answer 26

Anxiety, aggression, clingy and bed wetting

Question 27

What are the phases of separation?

Answer 27

Protest - distressed Despair - helpless and withdrawn Detachment - happier but remote upon carers return

Question 28

How have hospitals improved for children?

Answer 28

Allow carer access, attachment objects, reassure, toys and homelike

Question 29

What are the four stages of cognitive development?

Answer 29

Sensorimotor 0-2yrs - no abstract concepts, develop body schema and object permanence Pre-operational 2-7yrs - egocentric, classify by 1 feature Concrete operational 7-12yrs - logical but concrete, conservation, other perspectives Formal operational 12+yrs - abstract and hypothetical

Question 30

What should you do when dealing with children?

Answer 30

Simple info, no metaphors, act, play, give choices, rewards and compliments

Question 31

What shouldn't you do when dealing with kids?

Answer 31

Stand over, use force, false promises, get frustrated

Question 32

Explain the diversity in likelihood to die

Answer 32

Women live longer Older die more Poorer die sooner

Question 33

What are the types of death?

Answer 33

Gradual Catastrophic Premature

Question 34

What is the usual initial reaction to death?

Answer 34

Shock, numb, disbelief, confusion

Question 35

Explain the five stages of dying

Answer 35

``` Denial - not true Anger - why me Bargaining - I'll... If I can live to... Depression - what's the point Acceptance - it will be ok ```

Question 36

What are some symptoms of bereavement/grief?

Answer 36

Short of breath, tired, crying, depression | Increased susceptibility to illness and mortality

Question 37

What increases the risk of suffering from chronic grief or other complications?

Answer 37

Prior bereavement Type of death - young person Lack of support Discourage expression/ending of grief

Question 38

Define sexual dysfunction

Answer 38

Disturbance in sexual desire and in the psychophysiological changes that characterise the sexual response cycle

Question 39

What is the sexual response cycle?

Answer 39

Desire Arousal Orgasm

Question 40

What types of sexual dysfunction are there?

Answer 40

Loss of desire Erectile dysfunction/sexual arousal disorder Rapid ejaculation, inhibited orgasm/orgasmic dysfunction Aversion or lack of enjoyment Dysparenunia Vaginismus

Question 41

Explain the features of sexual dysfunction

Answer 41

``` Irrespective of orientations Can have 1+ problems Both partners Lifelong/acquired General/situational Physical/psychological ```

Question 42

What points should be considered when discussing sexual dysfunction?

Answer 42

``` Empathy and reassure Embarrassment Stigma Confidential Terminology ```

Question 43

Outline the structure of a clinical interview for sexual dysfunction

Answer 43

``` Detailed description of the problem Relationship with currents previous partners Medical, mental and family history Drug use Life events ```

Question 44

Why might sexual dysfunction problems occur?

Answer 44

Failure - physical, psychological, life events, false beliefs, communication Fear of failure - loss of confidence, pressure

Question 45

How is sexual dysfunction treated?

Answer 45

Educate, modify beliefs, help communicate, directions, Viagra, desensitise, lube, oestrogen

Question 46

What is the importance of breaking bad news well?

Answer 46

Maintain trust, reduce uncertainty, prevent unrealistic expectation, allow appropriate adjustments, promote open communication

Question 47

What could happen if bad news is not broken well?

Answer 47

Damage doctor patient relationship Emotional well being Adjustment and coping

Question 48

Explain SPIKES

Answer 48

Setting and listening - face to face, private, tissues, check who present Perception - what have you been told about all this? Invitation - what do they want to know? Knowledge - warning shot, small chunks, check understand, no jargon Empathy - how are you feeling, I can see this is upsetting Strategy and summarise - next step

Question 49

What is a persons sexual orientation, sexual identity and sexual behaviour?

Answer 49

Gender attracted to Labels for them - lesbian, gay, bi MSM, WSW

Question 50

What is a transgender?

Answer 50

Someone who's gender differs from their birth sex

Question 51

What are the health problems for LGBT?

Answer 51

Generally poorer health - mental health, substance abuse, cancer, STIs due to abuse at school/work/family/neighbourhood

Question 52

What should you do for a LGBT patient?

Answer 52

Validate patients identity Confidential Respect Knowledgable