HPHD

Question 1

Explain the transactional model of stress

Answer 1

Primary appraisal of the stressor - potential severity
Secondary appraisal - do we have the resources to cope?
If no –> stress
Reappraisal - assess our coping techniques and if they work

Question 2

Give the two types of emotion focused coping and examples of each

Answer 2

Behavioural - talking to friends, alcohol

Cognitive - denial, focusing on positives

Question 3

Give examples of problem focused coping

Answer 3

Using a wheelchair
Get physiotherapy
Any other example where resources are used

Question 4

Give three ways doctors can help to improve patient control and examples of each

Answer 4

Mobilising social support - refer to PALS or support groups
Reduce ambiguity - effective communication
Increase personal control - CBT, pain management

Question 5

Give the three stages of sexual response

Answer 5

Desire, arousal and orgasm

Question 6

Give the four categories of sexual dysfunction and examples

Answer 6

Predisposing - sexual trauma, false beliefs, physical vulnerability
Precipitating - partner problems, life events
Self perpetuating - guilt, shame, anger
Partner perpetuating - pressure to perform, criticism, guilt

Question 7

Define identity, orientation, behaviour and expression

Answer 7

Identity - how the person describes themselves
Orientation - the gender that the person is attracted to
Behaviour - the acts the person actually performs (MSM)
Expression - how people show themselves in society

Question 8

Explain the SPIKES tool in breaking bad news

Answer 8

Setting - one on one in a separate room
Patient’s perception - what does the patient already know? ICE
Invitation - how much does the person want to know?
Knowledge - give a warning shot then tell them
Empathy - show it
Summary/ strategy - refer to support groups and summarise

Question 9

Give the three forms of death

Answer 9

Gradual
Premature
Catastrophic

Question 10

What is the primary aim of palliative care?

Answer 10

To allow the person to die as they want

Question 11

Give two reasons why someone might grieve for longer than two years

Answer 11

Discouragement of grief expression

Discouragement of grief ending

Question 12

What conditions might occur if the person has not accepted the death of a loved one after two years?

Answer 12

PTSD
Anxiety
Depression

Question 13

Give the five stages of grief

Answer 13

Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

Question 14

What is adherence?

Answer 14

The extent to which the patient acts in line with the plan set out by the patient and doctor

Question 15

Give some ways that we can measure adherence

Answer 15

Pill counting
Blood levels
Urine excretion of product
Observing the person take the pills

Question 16

Give some reasons that a patient may not adhere to treatment

Answer 16

Poor education
Side effects experienced
Psychological health
UNINTENTIONAL

Question 17

Make the distinction between hazardous and harmful drinkers

Answer 17

Hazardous - alcohol consumption is too high but they have not yet experienced symptoms or ill health
Harmful - the drinking has started to take a toll on the persons life

Question 18

Give the two subsets of alcohol dependence

Answer 18

Moderate - withdrawal symptoms

Severe - withdrawal symptoms with relief drinking

Question 19

Give the questions asked as part of the CAGE alcohol tool

Answer 19

Have you felt the need to CUT DOWN?
Do you get ANNOYED at yourself for drinking?
Do you feel GUILTY after a night of drinking?
Have you had an EYE OPENER to your heavy drinking?

Question 20

Why has the biopsychosocial model taken over from the biomedical model?

Answer 20

The biomedical model doesn’t recognise that some diseases are due to psychological problems or social circumstance

Question 21

What is the flaw with stereotyping?

Answer 21

It overlooks diversity within a subgroup of people

Question 22

Describe the cognitive component of stereotyping

Answer 22

We file things that are similar under schemata within the brain to streamline processing. These are commonly relied upon at times of pressure and stress

Question 23

Describe the emotional component of stereotyping

Answer 23

Prejudice. A few negative traits of some people within a schemata group leads us to hold prejudice against the entire group and see them in a bad light

Question 24

Describe the behavioural component of stereotyping

Answer 24

Discrimination. Treating people differently based on the prejudices that we hold

Question 25

Give the two forms of intelligence and state which changes in ageing

Answer 25

Crystallised - stable throughout life | Fluid - declines with age

Question 26

Give the five areas of intelligence that decline with age

Answer 26

``` Verbal meaning Verbal fluency Inductive reasoning Numeracy Spatial orientation ```

Question 27

Give the two ways that ageing can be performed successfully

Answer 27

Disengagement - withdraw from society | Activity - take part in youth culture

Question 28

Give some factors that open and close the gate in the gate control theory of pain

Answer 28

Open - negativity, injury, stress, underactivity | Close - positivity, medication, relaxation, exercise

Question 29

What is the definition of chronic pain? What can we do about it?

Answer 29

Pain lasting more than 12 weeks Refer to the pain management programme which helps people take control of their pain with exercise, medications, relaxation and autonomy in ADLs

Question 30

Give Piaget's four stages of cognitive development and the ages at which they occur

Answer 30

Sensorimotor 0-2yrs - babies involved with movement and touch Preoperational 2-7yrs - egocentricism, language development and ability to order based on one characteristic Concrete operational 7-12 yrs - shows empathy and thinks logically Formal operational 12+ yrs - abstract logic and deductive reasoning

Question 31

Give the criticisms of Piaget's theory

Answer 31

It focuses on what the child cannot do, not what they can do

Question 32

What is Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development?

Answer 32

Cognition develops based on our social interaction

Question 33

At what age do we see the first social smile?

Answer 33

6 weeks. The baby will show preference for faces over objects and find things funny

Question 34

In attachment theory, what happens when the primary carer leaves the room?

Answer 34

Anxiety, bed wetting, aggression and clinging

Question 35

Give the three stages of separation of a baby from its mother

Answer 35

Protest - clinging behaviours Despair - intermittent crying Detachment - apathy on return of the mother

Question 36

What are the criticisms of attachment theory?

Answer 36

No impetus given to the father | Too simplistic as does not consider other factors

Question 37

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 37

Making the association between two things that are not associated. Pavlov' dog

Question 38

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 38

Using reward and punishment to control behaviours

Question 39

What is social learning theory?

Answer 39

We act in concordance with our peers or those whom we wish to emulate

Question 40

Describe the health belief model

Answer 40

The person weighs the barriers and benefits against the severity and susceptibility. Take into consideration any external cues

Question 41

Explain the cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 41

Used mainly in advertising and health promotion. Creates an uncomfortable situation in someone's mind to change their behaviour. Shock tactics

Question 42

What factors affect the theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 42

``` Attitude toward the behaviour The subjective norm (is it done by their peers) Subjective control (do they really have a choice) ```

Question 43

Give the stages of the transtheoretical model of change

Answer 43

``` Pre-contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Relapse or maintenance ```