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HPIA C.Q.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ATSI nature and extent

A

3.8% of population is ATSI, they experience significantly more ill health and higher rates of premature death.

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2
Q

Explain ATSI nature and extent

A

*improvements in recent years
*⬇️ age standardised death dates CVD
*⬇️ smoking rate
*⬆️ antenatal care attendance
*still great contrast in health status

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3
Q

ATSI Life expectancy

A

ATSI born 2020-2022, 71.9 yrs males (8.8yr gap), 75.6 yrs females (8.1yr gap)

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4
Q

ATSI mortality

A

1.8 x ⬆️ all causes of death
LCOD ATSI + Non ATSI males is coronary heart disease
LCOD ATSI females is daibetes but is dementia for Non ATSI

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5
Q

ATSI Morbidity

A

ATSI hospitalised 1.4 x Non ATSI
ATSI 3 x more likely to have diabetes
ATSI 11x more likely to suffer kidney disease (requiring dialysis)

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6
Q

ATSI infant mortality

A

⬇️ significantly between 1998 and 2018 (69%)
Still significantly greater for ATSI (1.7 x)

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7
Q

Define RAR nature and extent

A

28% Aus live in RAR areas

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8
Q

Explain RAR nature and extent

A

*unique challenges
-limited access to healthcare
-⬆️ rates of chronic illness
-greater barriers to prevention and treatment
*making health outcomes crucial focus

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9
Q

Explain RAR Mortality

A

*2021-23 period, death rates ⬆️ with ⬆️ remoteness
*death rate in very remote areas 1.6x ⬆️ than major cities

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10
Q

Example RAR mortality

A

1.9 x more likely to die from coronary heart disease

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11
Q

Explain RAR Morbidity

A

*Hospitalisation 1.9x ⬆️ in very remote vs major cities

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12
Q

Example RAR morbidity

A

Chronic kidney disease 3 x ⬆️

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13
Q

RAR life expectancy

A

Metropolitan syd: m 85.5, f 88.2
Remote NT: m 71.9, f 75.2

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14
Q

RAR infant mortality

A

2017, in major cities 2.9, RAR 5.9

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15
Q

Define ATSI individuals

A

Empowered individuals make informed choices about their behaviour to ⬇️ risk behaviours and ⬆️ protective behaviours

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

ATSI individuals example

A

ATSI quitting smoking after developing. Skills and knowledge from “break the chain campaign”

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18
Q

Define ATSI communities

A

Involve ATSI communities in design and implementation of Closing The Gap programs to acknowledge ATSI perspectives and provide ownership and empowerment to the programs.

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19
Q

Example ATSI Communities

A

Indigenous Doctors Association modifying laws (alcohol and inhalants in remote Arnhem Land NT)

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20
Q

Define ATSI gov

A

Aus Gov role is larger health promotion coordination and funding. Coordination prevents fragmentation and ⬆️ program success

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21
Q

Example ATSI Gov

A

Closing The Gap, statement of intent, aims to achieve equality. Closing the gap in education and employment outcomes, improving accessibility of health care to ATSI in RAR

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22
Q

Define RAR Individuals

A

Address inequalities by good decision making and making responsibility for health

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23
Q

Example RAR individuals

A

Remain in school + attend uni will improve knowledge, employment opps and income to help make informed choices about health

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24
Q

Define RAR Communities

A

Include RAR Communities in removing health inequities, empowers community to address health issues

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25
Example RAR communities
Volunteer at PCYC promote physical activity to foster lifelong health behaviours and ⬇️ morbidity rates
26
Define RAR gov
Gov fund programs to assist in the delivery of health care to RAR people
27
Example RAR Gov
Rural Flying Doctor Service
28
What are the sociocultural determinants?
Family Peers Media Religion Culture
29
Define family
Related by blood or marriage
30
Explain family
*Development of values and beliefs *responsible for physical needs (food, shelter)
31
ATSI example family
ATSI 25%+ of prisoners
32
RAR example family
Smoking rate is 2.9 x ⬆️
33
Define peers
Similar age, social status or interests
34
Explain peers
*influence health behaviours *benchmark healthy behaviours
35
ATSI Example peers
ATSI 25%+ of prisoners
36
RAR Example peers
1.6 x ⬆️ risky alcohol drinking
37
Define Media
Means of mass communication (social media, tv, newspapers)
38
Explain media
*influence over attitudes towards health *informative or contradictory
39
ATSI example media
Reinforce negative stereotypes (racism in sport - Adam Goodes)
40
RAR Example media
Reinforce negative stereotypes (farming, binge drinking)
41
Define religion
System of faith and worship that guides behaviour and decisions
42
Explain religion
*adds meaning and purpose *community support * influences health choices like diet
43
ATSI example religion
Reluctance to use medical services due to traditional beliefs
44
RAR example religion
⬆️ discrimination of minority groups
45
Define culture
Ideas, customs and behaviours shared by a group
46
Explain culture
*hold values and beliefs *influence member’s behaviour and determine level of heath
47
ATSI example culture
Daily smoking rated (40% vs 14%)
48
RAR example culture
1.6 x ⬆️ risky alcohol drinking
49
What are the socioeconomic determinants?
Education Income Employment
50
Define education
Gain knowledge and ⬆️ understanding of health protective and risk factors
51
Explain education
*⬆️ education = ⬆️ health *knowledge/skills (decision making, problem solving) empowers to adopt healthy behaviours
52
ATSI example education
25% gap year 7-12 retention rates
53
RAR example education
Lower rate of year 12 completion (50% vs 75%)
54
Define income
Higher income (money earned from employment) = greater control over health
55
Explain income
*⬆️ income = greater opportunity to health services *private health insurance *low SES ⬆️ exposure to risk behaviours
56
ATSI example income
50% of ATSI households in lowest income bracket
57
RAR example income
⬇️ average income poorer education = lower health literacy (18% less income /week)
58
Define employment
(Engagement in work or service) is a critical protective factor
59
Explain employment
*unemployment = stress, loss of confidence, limited social contact, depression and disempowerment *occupation type can influence health e.g. blue collar jobs
60
ATSI employment example
ATSI unemployment rate is 4 x ⬆️ then general population (19% vs 5%)
61
RAR employment example
More likely to work in hazardous occupations that have ⬆️ rates of tobacco and alcohol use
62
What are the environmental determinants?
Geographic location Access to health services and technology
63
Define geographic location
Where people live plays a large role in their ability to achieve and maintain health
64
Explain geographic location
*affected by: -infrastructure -air quality -food and water availability *RAR areas have less infrastructure and resources to support health
65
ATSI example geographic location
21% of ATSI live in RAR areas (vs 2% Non-ATSI)
66
RAR example geographic location
Road infrastructure is poorer. Transport accidents 3x more likely (20-24 males mortality rates 4x⬆️)
67
Define access to health services and technology
important to maintain and improve health
68
Explain health services and technology
*urban dwellers have more access to diagnostic, treatment and rehab services *preventative health services is limited
69
ATSI example access to health services and technology
2008, ATSI difficulty accessing health services like dentists and GP’s due to long wait times and services being unavailable
70
RAR example access to services and technology
Poorer distribution of GP’s, medical specialists and med tech. Use of services is also poorer. Cancer screening programs. Limit early prevention and detection

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