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Religion 12 > HRE4M1 Exam Review > Flashcards

HRE4M1 Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

Conscience

an inner…

A

an inner feeling or voice acting as a guide to rightness or wrongness of
with (con) knowledge (science); to act with knowledge, our most secret core where we are alone with God

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2
Q

Moral stance

you arrive…

A

you arrive at a conclusion in moral reasoning that leads you to believe there is only one set of permissible actions to take.

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3
Q

Character

the way your…

A

the way your actions over time tend to become fixed to your body.

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4
Q

Exegesis

A

the study of a scriptural text in its original context

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5
Q

Hermeneutics

A

A way of interpreting text and events to help us understand what they mean for us today

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6
Q

Level 1: Laetus

A
  • Pleasure
  • instant gratification

Example: “When I have a bad day, I do something to fill the void. It’s not harming anyone, so what’s the big deal here?”

  • pleasure of feeling good in a the moment, feeling temporarily satisfied

Fundamental error: If you are dependent upon an item for happiness, you become a slave to that item - addiction “i want, not I need”

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7
Q

Level 2: Felix

A
  • Ego-comparative
  • I’m doing good to feel good

Fundamental Error: Im doing good for others for recognition.

  • unhealthy sense of competition
  • you can’t rely on someone else’s approval for your own happiness
  • seeking external validation.

happiness is derived from accomplishments, recognition, and the approval of others.

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8
Q

Level 3: Beatitudo

A
  • contributive happiness
  • You do good because it is good
  • selfless
  • caring for others
  • sacrificial
  • don’t count the cost of giving
  • altruism

Fundamental error: The world and people are not perfect

  • Provides a deeper sense of fulfillment as it connects individuals to a sense of purpose and community

Example: - giving the last piece of (food) to another family member because I know they wanted it

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9
Q

Level 4: Sublime Beatitudo

A
  • ultimate happiness (transcendent, divine, or spiritual happiness)
  • recognition that the world and people are not perfect
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10
Q

1st transcendental: Truth

A
  • pursuit of wisdom, about understanding reality as it truly is
  • the older you get, the more you want the truth`
    “Don’t take things at face value”
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11
Q

2nd transcendental: Love (Belonging)

A
  • first discovered in the family
  • if there is peace in the home, you are loved unconditionally and challenged to grow constructively
  • devastating when parents fight or a disagreement, as it disrupts peace in the home
    Counterfeit: when there is peace, you feel this great love, when this doesn’t happen in the home, you look elsewhere.
  • we are naive, when we feel lost, we can get drawn into groups that pretend they have our best interest at heart
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12
Q

3rd transcendental: Goodness

A

it is the right things to doCounterfeit: doing good because one gets something in return or to feel good

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13
Q

4th transcendental: Beauty

A
  • the focus here is on inner beauty
  • “they are ugly on the inside”
    Counterfeit: the body is the most important thing in life and so the focus here is on outer beauty
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14
Q

5th transcendental: Justice

A
  • points toward an ultimate standard of fairness and equity
  • real justice ensures that the right thing is always done
    Counterfeit: human brokenness causes distorted justice and they attempt to remake it in their own image
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15
Q

Aristotle

A

HAPPINESS is the goal of life, and we achieve this through VIRTUES. reach Eudaimonia.

Teleological ethics, doctrine of the mean, role of reason

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16
Q

Role of Reason

A

virtue involves acting in accordance with reason, balancing rational and appetitive parts of the soul.

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17
Q

Teleological Ethics

A

to do with the purpose of something, seeking to understand the ultimate goal.
Every action or purpose aims for some good.

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18
Q

Doctrine of the mean

A

virtue is a balance between deficiency and excess. EX: courage is between recklessness and cowardice. Find a middle ground

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19
Q

Kant

A

focuses on the motive rather than the action; Human action is morally good only when it is done for the sake of duty

deontological ethics, ethical maxims

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20
Q

Maxim one

A

Act in a way you would like everyone else in the world to act

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21
Q

Maxim Two

A

treat others the way you want to be treated. treat them as a mean but at the same time as an end.

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22
Q

Testing if act are morally permissible

A
  1. formulate a maxim that justifies your proposed plan of action
  2. formulate that maxim as a universal law that makes everyone act the way you would act
  3. consider if your maxim can be used in the world
  4. consider if you will act on your maxim in such a world. if your answer is yes, then it is permissible
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23
Q

deontological ethics

A

a way of thinking about what is right and wrong based on reason and duty

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24
Q

Levinas

A

“what is good?” → our relationship with others.
the other person’s face compels us to act for the sake of others humanity.

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25
The Face of the other
the face arouses the good within the face suggests the other order of existence is good calling us to be responsible for the other. each unique person reflects a unique trace of God.
26
“the face of the other calls me to respond?”
the face of the other compels us to take responsibility for them. the face teaches us that we are responisble for each other.
27
Infinity VS totality
we are all different. we are all responsible for each other VS we are all the same
28
Freud
unconscious desires and past experiences (outside our control) influence behavior, challenging the notion of absolute freedom.
29
Religious determinism
A person’s fate is predetermined by God John Calvin says our choices have no impact on our fates.
30
Social Determinism
A person’s behaviour is shaped by others’ influences upon you. You are the product of what others have done to you, therefore you are not free to act
31
The Scream: the experience of personal response
We have a tendency to help those in immediate danger. we want to help but we may hesitate EX: A lady’s purse was stolen in front of you
32
The Beggar: the experience of the other
humans face an ethical response when we are faced with a person in need Humans react deeply whether or not they take action to address the problem. EX: Giving a homeless man money, but him asking for more
33
“I have to”: the experience of obligation
deals with duties or obligations to abide by rules or follow orders of a person in authority EX: abiding by a curfew generates a clear conscience, even though there may be resentment if the curfew is perceived as unjust
34
This is intolerable: the experience of contrast
humans feel outraged when something blatantly unjust or unfair happened to ourselves or other EX: images of abused children, for example, generate deep feeling of outrage
35
Virtue
balanced trait between deficiency and excess Moral virtues: Developed through practice (i.e., honesty, courage) Intellectual virtues: Developed through learning (i.e., wisdom, understanding)
36
Vice
a bad habit, an inner readiness to accomplish moral evil. (i.e., courage is between recklessness and cowardice).
37
Moral law/Law of human nature
A universal sense of right and wrong recognized across cultures. a source beyond human creation. how we "ought to behave".
38
Natural Law
It is believed that God created man with a specific nature and purpose, and Natural Law is the guide that helps us fulfill that purpose.
39
how we "ought to behave"
Not necessarily behavior that I find useful to me or that I happen to like.
40
objective vs. subjective truth
Factual VS Personal opnions
41
Relativism
No objective truth in morality. what is morally right or wrong depends on individual preferences or cultural norms.
42
Conscience as a process | moral reasoning…
Moral reasoning/decision making. Knowing how to perceive accurately and to think correctly. The process of reflection and analysis.
43
Conscience as a capacity | our capacity to…
Our capacity to recognize right and wrong. Our capacity to know/do good and avoid evil.
44
Conscience as judgement | commit yourself to…
Commit yourself to what you believe to be right and avoid what you believe to be wrong. Concrete judgment and decision of what I must do is based on my personal perception and grasp of values.
45
Well-formed Conscience:
Formed from right information and past mistakes
46
Wrongly Formed Conscience:
Conscience formed on information that is mistaken.
47
Lax Conscience:
Conscience that is not concerned about whether or not an act is right or wrong.
48
Legalistic Conscience
Conscience that obeys rules perfectly
49
Rationalization | misinformed conscience
stealing may be wrong but large stores can afford it because of their huge profits
50
Trivialization | misinformed conscience
it’s not big deal - everybody else does it
51
misinformation | misinformed conscience
my doctor told me all teenage girls should take birth control to prevent getting pregnant
52
The end justifies the immoral means: | misinformed conscience
i had to steal the chocolate bar - i didn’t have any money and i hadn’t eaten. I get sick if I don’t eat.
53
Difficult to reason: | misinformed conscience
a teen is kicked out of his home. He acts without thinking and breaks into an empty home when he could have asked for help from the police.
54
Means to an end: | misinformed conscience
by dropping a nuclear bomb to end the war, well end up saving lives
55
Sermon on the Mount - Salt and Light
You must be Jesus on earth for others.
56
The Beatitudes
God will comfort those in pain and suffering. God will reward those who are good to others
57
The Law and the prophets
Follow and exceed the requirements of the laws in the Old Testament.
58
Love for enemies
Love our enemies and pray for those who persecute you, so that you may be children of your Father in heaven.
59
Judging others
DO not judge, so that you may not be judged. For with the judgment you make you will be judged.
60
Ask, search, knock
Seek out what you need and God will surely give it to you.
61
Golden Rule
Do to others as you would have them do to you.
62
Revelation 3:15-16.
This scripture is very blunt, and underlines the importance of having direction in life. Our moral orientation gives us a sense of direction in life.
63
Aristotle - “the aim of human life is to act virtuously, to live well, and do well.” | What does he mean by this?
Aristotle teaches that everything has a "telos" or purpose that we always work towards. Focus on character: Emphasizes we must act with virtues and morals. Role of Reason: virtue involves acting in accordance with reason, using the doctrine of the mean. Eudaimonia: the ultimate goal is achieeving a state of flourishing or happiness by living a life of virtue.
64
discuss whether or not people are essentially free or are we ultimately governed by forces beyond our control such as social, natural, or divine determinants.
1. Conscience, Moral Stance, and Levels of Conscience: how individuals make decisions and whether their conscience is shaped by free will or external forces 2. Independence vs. Interdependence: whether individuals can act freely or whether their actions are inherently tied to societal influences 3. Freud’s ideas suggest that unconscious desires and past experiences (outside our control) influence behavior, challenging the notion of absolute freedom. 4. Social Determinism and Religious Determinism: address external forces—society, culture, and religion—that can shape or limit individual freedom. 5. Predestination: theological concept questions whether people’s lives are preordained by divine will 6. Aristotle’s Ethics: Discusses how virtue and practical wisdom lead to flourishing, implying a degree of control over one's choices. Kant’s Ethics: Centers on autonomy and rational decision-making, which support the idea of freedom. Levinas’ Ethics: Focuses on responsibility to others, suggesting interdependence might limit or shape freedom. OVERALL: 1. The role of internal freedom (e.g., conscience, moral stance, character, ethical theories) 2. The influence of external forces (e.g., social/religious determinism, Freud, predestination). 3. The balance or interplay between freedom and governance by forces (e.g., independence vs. interdependence, moral laws vs. subjective truth).

Religion 12 (3 decks)

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