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IB Psychology > HRLP - Interpersonal Relationships > Flashcards

HRLP - Interpersonal Relationships Flashcards

formation of relationships, communication, why relationships end (54 cards)

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1
Q

formation of relationships

A

process through which individuals develop emotional, romantic or social bonds based on bio, cog, or socio factors (romantic, platonic, familial)

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2
Q

bio studies of relationships

A

Buss
Wedekind

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3
Q

cog studies of relationships

A

Markey & Markey
Hazen & Shaver

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4
Q

socio studies of relationships

A

Moreland & Beach
Buss

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5
Q

role of communication studies

A

Bradbury & Finchman
Gottman

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6
Q

why relationships change/end studies

A

Bradbury & Finchman
Gottman

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7
Q

bio theory of attraction

A

rooted in evolutionary theory; suggests that mate preferences develop to maximize reproductive success

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8
Q

natural selection

A

traits that enahnce survival increase likelihood of individual living long enough to reproduce

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9
Q

sexual selection

A

facet of natural selection, a best mate is chosen to produce & protect most healthy offspring

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10
Q

intrasexual competition

A

members of same sex compete for potential mate (males)

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11
Q

intersexual selection

A

one sex selects based on desirable traits (females)

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12
Q

Buss (1989) study summary

A

aim: to understand mate preferences across cultures & alignment with evolutionary predictions

procedure: cross cultural survey, 10000 participants, 33 countries, ranking importance of certian characteristics in potential mate (chastity, financial stability, wealth, health, ambition, fertility, etc.)

results: females prioritize financial stability & ambition = provision of resources for offspring
Males prioritize young age, physcial attractiveness and health = fertility

conclusion: findings support evolutionary theory

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13
Q

evaluation of Buss (1989)

A

large diverse sample
generalizable
self report bias
social desirability bias
study overlooks personality, shared interest, etc. = other factores which are not biological

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14
Q

Wedekind (1995) study summary

A

aim: to study how major histocompatibility genes impact attraction

procedure: men wore t-shirts for 2 days, women rated odor based on sexiness and pleasantness

results: women preferred the scent of MHC dissimalr men when ovulating, and MHC similar men when menstrating

conclusion: MHC dissimalr = more diverse gene pool , healtheir offspring

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15
Q

Wedekind (1995) study evaluation

A

standardized condition minimizes confounding variables (ex. judging based on physical attractiveness)

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16
Q

MHC genes

A

major histocompatibility genes

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17
Q

role of MHC genes

A

large group of genes responsible for the development of the immune system

diff genes produces diff infections

healthiest individuals have most diverse set of MHC genes bc immune system can fight diseases

MHC dissimilar genes indicates offspring health

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18
Q

bio explanantion of attraction critical thinking

A

cross cultural studies enhance generalizability
modern studies link evolution to hormonal/neural mechanisms

overlook cog & socio
ignore cultural bias
does not account for non-reproductive relations (homo)

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19
Q

cog theory of attraction

A

thoughts, beliefs, and mental processes shape how personal relationships are approached

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20
Q

similarity ttraction model

A

ppl attracted to ppl who are similar to them

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21
Q

attachment theory

A

schemas of relationships are developed in early childhood

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22
Q

types of attachment

Study These Flashcards
A

secure
avoidant
anxious
anxious-avoidant

23
Q

internal working model

Study These Flashcards
A

attachments formed based on experience = attachment to caregiver & expectations influence perception of relationships

24
Q

Markey & Markey study summary

Study These Flashcards
A

aim: to investigate the extent to which similarity is a factor in choosing a partner

procedure: 108 heterosexual couples, questionnaire abt their own characteristics and their partner’s

results: participants described themselves similarily to the way in which they described their partners, most loving relationships found that there was some similarity present but also some differences

conclusion: supporting similarity-attraction model, seek those similar to us

25
Markey & Markey Evaluation
follow up study conducted= strengthen relationships to theory only heterosexual couples asked = limits generalizability to homosexual couples correlational self reported study
26
Hazen & Shaver Study Summary
aim: investigate if relationship formation is a reflection of the expectation & beliefs formed in childhood procedure: self selected sample responded to "love quiz" on familial and romantic relationships results: *securely attached =parents were readily available & responsive *anxious avoidant = unresponsive, inattentive *anxious-ambivalent = anxious parents, sometimes available conclusion: some correlation between the relationship & expectations to caregiver & attachment style to quality of ones adult relationships
27
evaluation of Hazen & Shaver
self selected sample female dominant self reported data correlational
28
cog explanantion of attraction critical thinking
acknowldge influence of individual experiences & schema attachment theory highlights early cognitive representations naturalistic study = ecological validity schema + internal working model are subjective, difficult to operationalize correlational study reductionist
29
socio theory of attraction
no empirical evidence that cognition proceeds any form of decision making = we like smth first then rationalize it
30
mere exposure effect
individuals develop a liking to something due to beign exposed to it at high frequencies
31
culture
impacts what is seen as attractive and how relationships are formed due to its norms
32
Moreland & Beach Study Summary
aim: investigate mere exposure effect on grp of uni students procedure: confedarets attended lectures where they would be seen by students in a hall, confedaret D attended most lectures, at the end of the semester, women were rated based on attractiveness and warmth Results: more classes attended, higher rating conclusion: mere ecposure effect is present under naturalistic conditions
33
Moreland & Beach evaluation
naturalisitic experiement hgih ecological validity both males and females displayed similar behavior sex is NOT a confounding variable
34
socio explanantion of attraction critical thinking
less deterministic than cog & bio more holistic high eco validity experimental studies are replicable, high reliability cultural constructs like attractiveness are difficult to quantify self reported data natural experiments do not isolate al influential factors
35
communication in relationships
process of exchanging information, self-disclosure and resolving conflict which influence relationship maintenance & staisfaction
36
relationship enhancing patterns
strengthen relationships by avoiding blame & focusing on understanding + positive reinforcement
37
distress maintaining patterns
contribute to detirioration by blaming & assuming negative traits
38
Social penetration theory
relationships develop gradually through self disclosure
39
stages of self penetration theory
orientation stage exploratory stage afective stage stable stage
40
orientation stage
sharing simple infor, no vulnerability
41
exploratory stage
starting to reveal more personal details about feelings and opinions = safe options
42
affective stage
beginning to share private info, intiate physical relations
43
stable stage
strong sense of trust & emotional predictability
44
Gottman 4 hoursemen of apocalypse
behaviors that predict relationship failure criticism contempt defensiveness stonewalling
45
criticism
attacking person's character rather than addressing issue
46
contempt
expressing disrespect/mockery
47
stonewalling
withdrawing from interaction & refusing to interact
48
defensiveness
avoiding responsibility with excuses
49
active listening model
acknowledging speaker's feelings & concerns w/out becoming defensive, validating emotions, demonstrating support even w/ disagreements
50
Bradbury & finchman study summary
aim: to investigate how communication patterns relate to marital satisfaction procedure: observational study, couples completed survey about the biggest prob in their marriage & discussed solution, trained coders assessed for relationship enhancing or distress maintaing communication results: couples w/ lower satisfaction displayed distress maintaining patterns Conclusion: distress-maintaining communication patterns lead to lower marital satisfaction rates
51
Bradbury & Finchman Evaluation
bidirectional ambiguity = does communication lead to marital satisfaction or opposite researcher triangulation reduces bias focused on western couple = low generalizability
52
Gottman Study Summary
aim: investigate the role of positve and negative affect in marital satisfaction & likelihood of divorce. procedure: participants discussed recurring merital problems while researchers actively listened, two trained codors assessed the behaviors and patterns displayed. couples watched & rated own emotions results: high intensity negative effect = divorce low intensity negative affact = marital satisfaction conclusion: active listening & validation were rare in dicsussions, even in stable marriages = no evidence that validation is crucial
53
Gottman Study Evaluation
data triangulation = reliablity real behaviors observed presence of camera may have latered real behaviors social expressions & gender play role in dynamic
54
relationship dissolution
process through which personal relationships change or deteriorate as a results of communication patterns, dissatisfaction & external pressure

IB Psychology (6 decks)

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