HS 15 chapters 7-12

Question 1

How do young children change in height and weight in early childhood?

Answer 1

The average child grows 2 1/2 inches in height and 5-7 pounds a year.

Question 2

What are fine motor skills? What are gross motor skills? How do these develop in early childhood?

Answer 2

At three a child can run , jump, hop with pride of their accomplishments. At four they become more adventurous, going through jungle gyms and showing off their progress. At five they become even more adventurous and self assured five year olds like committing high - raising stunts in the playgrounds and participating in races.

Question 3

What is myelination and what does it do?

Answer 3

Myelination: a process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which info travels through the nervous system. it strengthens connections that are used more frequently. At 3- 6 the most growth occurs in the frontal lobe areas involved in planning and organizing new actions and maintaining attention to tasks.

Question 4

What are the leading causes of death for young children in the U.S.?

Answer 4

Motor vehicle accidents, cancer, cardiovascular disease, drowning, falls , burns, and poisoning.

Question 5

What percentage of children and adolescents breathe tobacco smoke in the home?

Answer 5

22%

Question 6

Animism :

Answer 6

The belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action.
Example: when a child runs into the wall they might say the wall is mean it hit me.

Question 7

Egocentrism

Answer 7

is the inability to distinguish b/w one’s own perspective and someone else’s perspective
Example: the three mountain task. he would only pick his view

Question 8

Conservation

Answer 8

The awareness that altering an object’s or a substance’s appearance does no change its basic properties.
Example: conservation task children younger than seven/eight don’t have a good understanding of conservation

Question 9

Centration

Answer 9

centering of attention one one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.

Question 10

Operation

Answer 10

reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they could do only physically.
Example: adding/subtracting mentally

Question 11

ZPD
lower vs upper limit
Aim

Answer 11

Zone of Proximal Development :the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children.

lower limit: Level of problem solving reached on these tasks by child working alone
Upper Limit: Level of additional responsibility child can accept with assistance of an able instructor.
you aim to start off at the upper level

Question 12

scaffolding

Answer 12

changing the level of support

Question 13

private speech

Answer 13

use of language for self regulation ; organizing and regulating thinking especially helpful when trying to solve a difficult problem

Question 14

How do Vygotsky’s and Piaget’s views on private speech differ?

Answer 14

Piaget believed private speech is egocentric and immature

Vygotsky believed it was an important tool of thought during the early childhood years

• Reasoned that children who use private speech are more socially competent
• argued that PS represents an early transition in becoming more socially competent

Question 15

What are self-conscious emotions? What are some examples? When do they develop? Why?

Answer 15

require sense of self (15-18 months)

guilt, shame

Question 16

Emotion coaching parent :

Answer 16

monitor their children’s emotions, view their children’s negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, & coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions.

Question 17

Emotion Dismissing :

Answer 17

View their role as to deny, ignore or change negative emotions

Question 18

Benefits of emotion coaching parenting :

Answer 18

children are better at self soothing, more effective in regulating neg. emotions, focus better, less behavior problems

Question 19

Autonomous Morality :

Answer 19

become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and consider intentions + consequences
10 years or older

Question 20

Heteronomous Morality :

Answer 20

Think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people.
4 to 7 years

Question 21

What are Diane Baumrind’s four styles of parenting?

Answer 21

Authoritarian
Authoritative
Neglectful
Indulgent

Question 22

Authoritarian :

Answer 22

places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. ( social incompetence)

Question 23

Authoritative :

Answer 23

encourages children to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions.

Question 24

Neglectful :

Answer 24

uninvolved in child’s life

-associated with octal incompetence + lack of self control

Question 25

Indulgent :

Answer 25

highly involved but place few demands or controls on them

Question 26

Four dimensions used to describe these parenting styles :

Answer 26

Acceptance + responsiveness and demand + control

Question 27

How common is it for gay men to be parents? For lesbians to be parents?

Answer 27

Gay men : 10% | Lesbians : 20%

Question 28

 In the U.S., how many (percentage) mothers of small children work outside of the home? In 
the U.S., how many (percentage) mothers of older children work outside of the home?

Answer 28

Mothers of small children : 1/2 | Mothers of older children : 2/3

Question 29

 What are the different types of play?

Answer 29

``` Sensorimotor : Practice Pretense / Symbolic Social Constructive Games ```

Question 30

Sensorimotor

Answer 30

behavior to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes. playing with a toy that makes noise

Question 31

Practice

Answer 31

involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination are required for games or sports. learning how to shoot a basketball

Question 32

Pretense / Symbolic

Answer 32

child transforms the physical environment into a symbol | building a fort

Question 33

Social

Answer 33

play that involves interaction with peers | a game of tag

Question 34

constructive

Answer 34

combines sensorimotor / practice play with symbolic representation building a castle

Question 35

Games

Answer 35

Activities that are engaged in for pleasure and have rules. | playing hide n go seek

Question 36

How do young children change in height and weight in middle/late childhood?

Answer 36

2-3 inches a year until 11 | 5-7 pounds

Question 37

How does the brain change in middle/late childhood?

Answer 37

prefrontal cortex | synaptic pruning occurs

Question 38

What is concrete operational thought

Answer 38

children can perform concrete operations, and they can reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to a specific or concrete example. (applied to real concrete objects)

Question 39

Seriation

Answer 39

The concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli along quantitative dimensions ( such as length ) ex sticks

Question 40

Transitivity

Answer 40

the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions. ( if A is longer than B which is longer than C, then A is longer than C)

Question 41

 What is the leading cause of death for children in middle and late childhood in the U.S.?

Answer 41

Accidents and Injuries

Question 42

What is second leading cause of death for children in middle and late childhood in the U.S.?

Answer 42

Cancer

Question 43

What are the two most common cancers for those in middle/late childhood in the U.S.?

Answer 43

leukemia and brain cancer

Question 44

What is the Education for All Handicapped Children Act? When was it passed?

Answer 44

Required that all students w/ disabilities be given free, appropriate public ed. (1975)

Question 45

What does IDEA stand for? | What three concepts are associated with this legislation?

Answer 45

Individuals with Disabilities Edu. Improvement Act Three concepts : Evaluation & eligibility determination, Appropriate ed. & an individualized edu. plan , and edu. in the least restrictive environment

Question 46

What is an IEP

Answer 46

written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for the student with the disability

Question 47

What does LRE mean?

Answer 47

setting that as similar as possible to that of a child who doest have a disability

Question 48

What is ASD

Answer 48

Also called pervasive developmental disorders, they range from the severe disorder labeled autistic disorder to the milder disorder called Asperger syndrome. Children with these disorders are characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors.

Question 49

Asperger syndrome

Answer 49

A relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships.

Question 50

Autism

Answer 50

A severe autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior.

Question 51

Dyslexia

Answer 51

A category of learning disabilities involving a severe impairment in the ability to read and spell.

Question 52

Dysgraphia

Answer 52

A learning disability that involves difficulty in handwriting.

Question 53

Dyscalculia

Answer 53

as developmental arithmetic disorder; a learning disability that involves difficulty in math computation.

Question 54

average IQ score :

Answer 54

100

Question 55

IQ score of 70

Answer 55

mental retardation

Question 56

IQ score of 130

Answer 56

gifted

Question 57

Normal Distribution :

Answer 57

symmetrical distribution with most scores falling in the middle of the possible range of scores and a few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range.

Question 58

 How does the U.S. compare to other developed countries in learning a second language? 


Answer 58

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