HSc. 20 - Nutrition/Microbiology Unit Exam Flashcards
(4 cards)
- Carbohydrates are necessary for us to use as energy. Describe in detail, using the terms glycemic index and Diabetes, some problems that can arise when people do not consume the proper amounts or types of carbohydrates. You should also explain the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Carbohydrates are essential for energy, and the glycemic index (GI) measures their breakdown and absorption into the bloodstream. High GI foods cause rapid blood sugar increases, while low GI foods cause slower increases. Consistent consumption of high GI foods can lead to insulin resistance, a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease, while type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder requiring insulin therapy. To manage type 2 diabetes, individuals should consume low GI carbohydrates and be mindful of their carbohydrate intake.
- Describe, in detail, the difference between viruses in the lytic and lysogenic cycle. Describe the stages of each of these cycles and what happens at each stage of the cycle. Give examples of diseases that represent each of the cycles. You should also provide a detailed drawing to support your answer.
Viruses can undergo two life cycles: the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle involves rapid replication within the host cell, causing cell destruction and the release of new viral particles. It involves five stages: adsorption, entry, replication, assembly, and release. Examples of diseases caused by the lytic cycle include influenza and herpes simplex. The lysogenic cycle involves the virus integrating its genetic material into the host cell’s genome and remaining dormant. Examples of diseases caused by the lysogenic cycle include HIV, which enters the host cell as a provirus and remains dormant until it is triggered to enter the lytic cycle. Bacteriophage lambda can also enter the lysogenic cycle, integrating into the bacterial genome and remaining dormant until induced to enter the lytic cycle. Some viruses can alternate between the lytic and lysogenic cycles, depending on factors like the host’s immune response or environmental conditions.
- How and why do vaccines work? Explain at least two of the types of vaccines (ie: two different ways that vaccines work) and how vaccines work with our immune system to protect you and build
Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and remember specific pathogens, allowing for a rapid and effective response. There are two types of vaccines: inactivated or subunit vaccines, which introduce harmless antigens to the immune system, producing antibodies to neutralize or enhance cell destruction. Live attenuated vaccines, made from weakened forms of the pathogen, replicate within the body, triggering a strong immune response similar to a natural infection. These vaccines provide a long-lasting and robust immune response, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) and oral polio vaccines. Vaccines work in collaboration with the immune system to protect and build immunity.
- Using your knowledge of enzymes, lactase, and biochemistry, explain lactose intolerance. Also, be sure explain how and why there are geographical/cultural/evolutionary variations in lactose intolerance.
Lactose intolerance is a condition where the body cannot digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. It occurs when the small intestine’s lactase-producing cells fail or malfunction, causing symptoms like bloating, gas, and diarrhea. It is more common in populations that rely on animal husbandry due to lactase persistence, and less common in those who do not consume dairy products. Management involves dietary changes, avoiding dairy products, and taking lactase supplements.
