HSC Core 1 Flashcards

Question

People in rural and remote areas

Answer 1

People living in rural and remote areas in Australia experience more health inequities than people living in regional and metropolitan areas. In Australia, about 28% of our population are living in rural and remote areas. Environmental location is identified as a determinant of health, highlighting that people who live in rural and remote areas are more likely to experience poorer health than those not living in rural areas. - they are isolated and have limited access to health care and facilities

Answer 2

When compared with people living in regional and major cities, individuals experience: - higher rates of chronic illnesses such as CVD, diabetes, cancer - higher rates of injuries and road accidents - higher rate of liver diseases - higher rates of suicide Indicators of poor health include increased rates of: obesity, smoking, inactivity, alcohol consumption

Answer 3

Sociocultural - greater First Nations Australians population, family behaviours e.g. smoking, alcohol consumption, lower activity rates and family history of obesity Socioeconomic - decreased access to education and employment, limited access to goods and services, exposure to ‘heavy labour’ employment e.g. mining, machinery and farms, strong sense of community Environmental - decreased access of health professionals, decreased access to health facilities and screening, increased need for transportation for health treatment, decreased health education, low health literacy leads to lack in access to services

Answer 4

Individuals Empowerment Increase protective behaviours Maintaining enrolment in educational programs Communities Health services tailored to the community multipurpose centres Community support groups Community fundraisers Governments Royal flying doctor service Rural and remote general practice program

Answer 5

Chronic diseases: Cardiovascular disease - refers to any disease which affects the circulatory system. The circulatory system is made up of the heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins) and blood. CVD is identified as a preventable chronic disease. Arteriosclerosis = hardening and/ or narrowing of the arteries Atherosclerosis = when a build up of fatty tissues in the interior walls of the arteries occurs Coronary Heart disease - results from a poor supply of blood to the muscular walls of the heart by the coronary arteries. Angina - temporary loss of blood to the heart Stroke - the interruption of the supply of blood to the brain Peripheral vascular disease - diseases of the arteries, arterioles and capillaries that affect the limbs, usually reducing blood flow to the legs. Can result in the amputation of limbs. Congenital heart disease - heart disease as a baby or at birth

Answer 6

CVD causes 27% of deaths in Australia 1.2 million Aus have 1 or more heart or vascular conditions Coronary heart disease remains number one contributor or mortality Cancer is the second largest killer in Aus The probability of getting cancer before 85 years of age is 1 in 2 for males and 1 in 3 for females Mortality rates have decreased by 17% in the past 20 years

Answer 7

CVD is Australia’s number 1 killer. CVD kills 1 in every 4 Australians, in 2021 it was the underlying cause of death in 42,700 deaths (25% of all deaths) Heart disease kills more men than any other disease. In 2021, the leading cause of deaths for males was coronary heart disease, accounting for 12% of the deaths, with death rates twice as high for males as for females. Prevalence - 1 in 6 Australians are living with CVD, accounting for more than 4 million Australians The prevalence of CVD has been decreasing overtime (declining approximately 80% since 1980’s) due to research into risk factors, medications and early intervention. CVD is responsible for 1.2 million hospitalisations every year In remote and very remote areas in Australia, hospitalisation rates due to CVD are 35% higher than in major cities Financial Burden: CVD costs the Australian health system $12.7 billion every year Incidence and effects of heart attacks in Australia Heart attack is a leading cause of hospitalisation and death in Australia, claiming on average 19 lives everyday CVD health among Indigenous Australians Heart disease is the leading cause of death among aboriginal and Torres Strait islander peoples, causing over 1 in 10 deaths Indigenous Australians are almost twice as likely to die from CVD than non-indigenous people

Answer 8

Risk Factors: Age Gender Heredity Smoking High fat diet High blood pressure Obesity High blood cholesterol Lack of physical activity Protective factors: Regular physical activity Low fat diet Low alcohol consumption Low saturated fat Low salt diet Stress management Avoid smoking

Answer 9

Sociocultural: Family history, ATSI rural and remote peoples and low SES Media exposure to effects of risk behaviours e.g. smoking and diet Socioeconomic: Low SES or unemployed, people in stressful working roles, low or no education levels Environmental: Rural and remote people have decreased access to health services and information, people in cities have increased access to health services and facilities

Answer 10

Chronic, long lasting disease Uncontrolled growth of body cells, can develop in any type of tissue Second leading cause of death after CVD Metastasis - malignant cells which invade body tissues or organs Most common = skin cancer (decrease - health campaigns), breast cancer - (increased amount of cancer but at an acute phase) lung - decreased in men but increased in women because women smoked later than men did Nature of cancer: Neoplasm - An abnormal mass of cells that’s forces itself it’s way among healthy cells and interferes with their functioning Tumour - A visible swelling or lump caused by a clump or ‘sack’ of abnormal cells Malignant cells - cancerous cells which aren’t contained, allows them to spread and invade healthy tissues Beginning cells - non cancerous cells which grow slowly within a capsule - best type of cancer to get because it’s contained and can’t spread

Answer 11

Carcinoma affects: skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary tracts, breasts Develops within the epithelial tissue which lines the body surface and organs e.g. skin cancer Sarcoma affects: muscles, tendons, cartilage Develops in connective tissues (bone, muscle, cartilage) e.g. bone and soft tissue tumours Leukaemia affects: bones, liver, spleen Develops within the bone marrow Lymphoma affects: infection - fighting organs, glands, spleen Develops within the immune system affecting lymphocytes (white blood cells) e.g. Hodgkin’s lymphoma The most common types of cancer - breast cancer - skin cancer - prostate cancer - colon cancer - bladder cancer - non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma - kidney cancer - leukaemia - lung cancer

Answer 12

Breast cancer is the abnormal growth of the cells lining the breast lobules or ducts. These cells grow uncontrollably and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body. It is estimated that more than 20,600 people were diagnosed with breast cancer in 2023 Symptoms: Lumps on the breasts, nipple discharge, change in size or shape of breast, rash, or red swollen breasts Risk Factors of breast cancer: increasing age, family history, previous breast cancer diagnosis, starting your period before age 12.

Answer 13

Lung cancer is a type of cancer that starts when abnormal cells grow in uncontrolled ways in the lungs Tobaccos smoke is the leading cause of lung cancer Symptoms of lung cancer include: cough that doesn’t go away, chest pain and shortness of breath The 2 main types are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. These types are diagnosed based on how the cells look under the microscope. In 2023, and estimated 238,340 people (117,550 men and 120,790 women) will be diagnosed with lung cancer, and 127,070 people will die from the disease 14, 782 new cases of lung cancer will be diagnosed in Australia (7696 males and 7086 females)

Answer 14

Occurs when skin cells are damaged by overexposure to UV radiation from the sun 3 main types of skin cancer: Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma (the most dangerous form of skin skin cancer) Risk factors - sunburn, tanning, solariums

Answer 15

Cancer is the second largest killer in Australia Death rates are decreasing, with survival rates increasing The probability of getting cancer before 85 years is 1 in 2 for males and 1 in 3 for females The risk of dying from cancer is 1 in 4 for males and 1 in 6 for females Lung, breast, colon, prostate and skin cancers have the highest mortality rates Mortality rates have decreased by 17% in the past 20 years The incidence of skin cancer has almost halved in the past 30 years Mortality rates decreased - as we finding cancers at acute phase and improving survival rates Slight increase in incidence - we diagnose more it becomes more accessible and affordable, we have a growing population

Answer 16

Lung = smoking, occupational exposure, air pollution Skin = fair skin, fair or red hair, live in areas exposed to sun, prolonged exposure, number and type of moles Breast = family history, high fat diet, early onset of menstruation, late menopause, obesity, late age pregnancy

Answer 17

Lung = avoid exposure to tobacco smoke, avoid exposure to hazardous materials Skin = Avoid excess sunlight, reduce exposure by wearing sun protection Breast = regular mammograms, self- examination, diet high in fruits and vegetables, low fat diet

Answer 18

Sociocultural = family history, First Nations Australian lung cancer - smoking rates cervical cancer - access to preventative treatment Socioeconomic = low SES or unemployed, people who work outdoors, occupations exposed to carcinogens (asbestos), low education levels Environmental = rural and remote people have decreased access to health services and information (pre-screening), people in cities have increased access to health services and facilities Groups at risk Lung - smokers, blue collar workers, occupations exposed to asbestos, over 50 years of age Skin - fair skin and red hair, outdoor work, people who avoid sun protection Breast (women who:) have never given birth, obese, over 50, menstruate late, late menopause

Answer 19

Examples: schizophrenia, personality disorders, major depression and ptsd - these illnesses cause as much suffering for those directly affected and often for their family/carers/social network Poor mental health in childhood and adolescence may underpin a lack of self- care in adulthood Drug abuse, physical neglect and early pregnancy are examples of poor health choices that may result Mental health disorders in young children are a strong indicator of poor mental health in adulthood

Answer 20

Depression has a life time prevalence - one in seven Australians will experience depression in their lifetime Depression has the third highest burden of all diseases in Australia (13%) and also third globally Depression is the number one cause of non- fatal disability in Australia (23%). This means that on average, people with depression live with this disability for a higher number of years than people suffering from other non- fatal diseases such as hearing loss and dementia

Answer 21

Bipolar disorder may be experienced by up to 1% Australians over their lifetime (no gender difference) The lifetime risk of bipolar 2 disorder is up to 5% (rates higher with women) early onset of bipolar disorder in childhood is rare The most common risk period is mid to late adolescence Amongst people with bipolar disorder, there is typically a 10-20 year interval from first mood episode to diagnosis

Answer 22

Definition - Feelings of anxiety that are so frequent, overwhelming and/or out of proportion to an event that they impact negatively on a persons everyday life Key features - Most common mental health problem include phobias, post traumatic stress disorders, panic disorders and obsessive compulsive disorder

Answer 23

Definition - Feeling sad, low or moody for long periods of time or to an extreme extent, often for no reason, these feelings impact on a persons life to the point of making it difficult to function normally Key features - includes major or clinical depression ( which lasts for two weeks or longer, psychotic depression which can cause delusions, hallucinations and paranoia and bipolar disorder

Answer 24

Periods of extreme levels of emotion that range from extreme highs (mania) to extreme lows (depression) these emotions can often bear little relationship to what is occurring in the persons life, although they can be triggered by life events Key features: Bipolar disorder 1 - person is more likely to experience mania for longer periods of time and experience psychotic symptoms Bipolar 2 - person does not experience psychotic symptoms and is more likely to experience episodes of mania that last for shorter periods of time e.g. a few days or hours

Answer 25

Definition - not a single illness, but a cluster of illnesses with some overlapping signs and symptoms Key features - symptoms include hallucination, delusions, disorganised thinking/behaviour, loss of motivation/emotional feeling and disrupted speech

Answer 26

Over 2 in 5 (44% or 8.6mil) Australians aged 16-85 are estimated to have experienced a mental disorder at some time in their life, with 1 in 5 (21% or 42mil) having experienced a a mental disorder in the previous 12 months Anxiety disorders such as social phobia are the most common type of disorder affecting 1in 6 (17% or 3.3 mil) Australians, followed by affective disorders such as depressive episode (8%) and substance use disorders (3% - alcohol dependence) Almost 1 in 7 (14%) children and adolescents aged 4-17 years are estimated to have experienced a mental illness in the previous 12 months Mental and substance use disorders were estimated to responsible for 13% of the total burden of disease in 2015, placing it 4th as a broad disease group after cancer (18%) musculoskeletal conditions (13%) and CVD diseases (14%) (AIHW 2021)

Answer 27

Risk factors: - a history of mental illness in a blood relative, such as parent or sibling - stressful life situations - financial problems, loved ones death etc - an ongoing (chronic) mental condition such as diabetes - use of alcohol and/or drugs - previous mental illness There’s no way to prevent mental illness. Ensuring that you control stress level is critical, especially when managing symptoms Protective factors: - personal attributes, ability to cope with stress, face adversity and problem-solving skills - Physical health and healthy behaviours - Physical activity levels - Social support and inclusion - Strong cultural identity and pride Many organisations work to optimise mental health in the community, help people avoid mental illness, and reduce alcohol and other drug related harms. These include community inclusion, organisations, education and promotion, programs and research institutions.

Answer 28

Sociocultural: Peers and family can affect mental illness by influence of drug and alcohol use as well as low physical activity levels and unhealthy diet which are all potential risk factors Social media can contribute to mental illness by also influencing people either positively (increasing protective factors) or negatively (increasing risk factors), although it is seen to mostly impact negatively Religion can also cause a sense of relief for individuals and place of belonging which increases mental health wellbeing Socioeconomic: Those who have low SES are often exposed to unhealthy habits or financial stress or trauma which can lead to poor mental health Issues with income can accumulate stress causing mental illness May be hard to pay for psychiatrists or psychologists Environmental: Those living rurally would need to travel for GP or psychologists Can live far away from help services

Answer 29

Social cultural determinants - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are more risk of suicide and depression due to higher levels of drug and alcohol abuse, compared to other Australians - People with a family history of mental illness are at more risk - People who have had a falling out with peers, or who have been exposed to bullying are more at risk Socio economic determinants - People with a low socio economic status or who are unemployed have higher rates of mental health problems as these groups tend to engage more in substance abuse, compared to those of a higher socio economic status Environmental determinants - Rural young males are at a higher risk of suicide than urban young males because they have less access to support services and fewer job prospects

Answer 30

- Suicide every day six Australians die from suicide and 30 people will attempt to take their own life. It’s increasing and is the leading cause of death for young people aged 25 to 44 second leading cause for young people 15 to 24. - Males are 3 to 4 times more likely to take their own life than females - Females are more likely to attempt or be hospitalised for intentional self harm than males - amount middle-aged and older males 40 to 49 and 85/30 to 59 - Twice as high in young indigenous Australians compared to non-indigenous Australians People who partake in drugs and alcohol Leading to things such as depression, anxiety and drug use are substantial components of overall disability and morbidity Survivors of trauma and violence People who have experienced recent crisis or trauma People under stress People suffering chronic depression Elderly people People with a physical illness, particularly terminal People affected by drugs and/or alcohol People who have made previous suicide attempts People talk about ending their lives Indigenous people Indigenous youth Teenagers, particularly those for whom life seems worthless LGBTIQ people

Answer 31

Australia’s population is a growing and ageing population. This growing and ageing population is one of Australia’s health priorities because with a growing population comes an increase in disease burden and healthcare demands. Product of life expectancy, and decreased birth rates. The increasing survival rates for chronic diseases mean that the elderly population have greater prevalence or major diseases, such as cancer, CVD disease, diabetes and musculoskeletal disorders, as well as suffer greater levels of disability The population living with chronic disease and disability increase the demand for health services, which cause workforce shortages and a greater need for carers and volunteers.

Answer 32

Healthcare which is used instead of conventional medicines

Answer 33

Healthcare which is used along side of for or as well as conventional medicines

Answer 34

Ancient Eastern healing system – traditional Chinese medicine Uses fine needles which are inserted into the skin Aids in stimulating the mind and the body’s healing process Mostly used for pain management and recovery Combined with other practices, e.g. massage/chiropractor

Answer 35

French term meaning healing through oils but dates back to ancient Egyptian times The use of essential oils to influence or modify the mind body or spirit Oil can be vaporised bathed in or used during massage Used for the treatment of depression, poor sleep, stress or anxiety

Answer 36

Based on the relationship between the spine, nervous system and musculoskeletal system Adjustments are made to the spine to remove interference to normal nervous system control, promoting healing and better health

Answer 37

The oldest form of medicine which uses plants and herbs as medicine or supplements to restore the body 75% of the world population uses herbalism Based on the individuals symptoms, lifestyle and overall health

Answer 38

Analysis of the human eye to detect signs of physical, emotional and spiritual well-being Natural pathic treatments are prescribed to improve general and immune health Naturopathy = a combination of one or more alternative and or complementary healthcare service e.g. herbalism and aromatherapy in combination with lifestyle changes

Answer 39

Oldest and simplest form of therapy Induces relaxation and reduces blood pressure stress and anxiety levels Remedial therapeutic sports and Swedish massage Becoming increasingly popular among athletes to assist with rehabilitation and decreased recovery times

Answer 40

State of inner stillness which focuses on an object breathing phrase or mantra Strengthen immune system improved sleep lower blood pressure and increased motivation and self esteem Becoming increasingly popular among athletes to control anxiety and arousal

Answer 41

Empowerment of individuals If individuals are feeling empowered they become more responsible for their own health Each individual has the right to access health despite their race, religion, culture SES status, gender or location

Answer 42

Creating supportive environments Developing personal skills Reorienting Health Services Strengthening community action Building healthy public policy

Answer 43

ACCESS - increases access to health care and services (Medicare) DIVERSITY - providing health information and education in various languages and for different cultures SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS - Health information and skills are shared within the community/family

Answer 44

ACCESS - health professional explore inequities in health to focus on priority areas e.g. heart disease, mental illness DIVERSITY - Increase in preventative services increases knowledge of culturally diverse communities SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS - the introduction of multi functioning facilities such as medical centres and remote doctor services allows for easier access to health services and facilities

Answer 45

ACCESS - access to community health groups increases the empowerment of individuals DIVERSITY - communities action for increased medical services and facilities from government funding which are specific to their communities needs SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS - increased access to services and facilities which promote empowerment e.g. walking trails, public pools mental health services

Answer 46

ACCESS - the increase of policies specific to improving health equity and outcomes allows for better health for all DIVERSITY - policies insure that there is an adequate minimum level for healthcare for all Australian and specific policies were needed e.g. close the gap SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS - policies are developed to support preventative healthcare and a supportive environment e.g. smoking laws school speeding zones

Answer 47

ACCESS - by taking care of others in the community support empowerment and health outcomes are increased DIVERSITY - diverse range of community groups and local government support increases access and the diversity of health services and facilities available SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS - government and communities provide opportunities for individuals and groups to become engaged in positive health decision-making e.g. outdoor facilities and access to health information

HSC Core 1 Flashcards

(71 cards)