HSC study Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
where is xylem and phloem located, and special features:
A
phloem: outside, with sieve and companion cells
xylem: inside of vascular bundle, stiff walls
2
Q
antigen?
A
special marker on cells, differentiate between own somatic cells/ foreign pathogens
3
Q
transgenic def:
A
inserting gene into new species, 2 different species
4
Q
sugar and phosphate differentiate:
A
sugar: bigger connected to bases
phosphate: smaller to sugar
5
Q
nephron quick process:
A
filtration, re-absorption, secretion
6
Q
chromosomal theory of inheritance?
A
Gregor Mendel
7
Q
advantages: artificial blood
A
no cross matching, don’t need fridge,
8
Q
ectotherm and action when decrease in temp:
A
eastern brown snake, basks in sun
9
Q
why does water need to be regulated in cells?
A
used to regulate solutes, maintain good conc. for metabolic functioning
10
Q
ADH from where and function:
A
pituity gland, WATER reabsorbtion, urine conc
11
Q
aldosterone from where/function:
A
from adrenal glands, SALT reabsorbtion
12
Q
infectious disease eg. and host response eg.
A
common flu, infiltrated body, phagocytes engulf any foreign material and digest
13
Q
quarantine def:
A
strategy used to prevent spread/ exposure of disease to healthy organism
14
Q
vaccination def:
A
used to prepare organism’s immune system to fight if infected, more efficient
15
Q
heamoglobin function:
A
protein used to transport oxygen effectively through the body, one= 4 oxygen
16
Q
human body part for sound production
A
larynx in throat
17
Q
how does vocal chords change sounds
A
through air passing the throat, causes vocal chords to vibrate, tension changes frequency
18
Q
accomodation prac:
A
cardboard= retina
candle= image reflected
lens: concave/biconcave= thickness of human lens
thick: closer candle
thin: move away
19
Q
action potential process:
A
need stimulus, trigger response–> flood of sodium from outer (more positive) changing charge, pass down neuron
20
Q
neuron vs nerve
A
neuron - single
nerve - bunch of neurons
21
Q
technology eg:
A
contact lens:
worn externally, create normal conditions to see
22
Q
adaptive radiation explain:
A
one species, mutations allowed to occupy new niche (lower partial oxygen level in mammal), can live in higher altitudes/ survival advantage, pass genes, isolated become new species
23
Q
human eye wavelength
A
380- 780mm
24
Q
hearing freq human:
A
20-20 000hz
25
eye receptor and process:
cones (red, green, blue), rods (light/dark)--> receptors in fovea, optic nerve --> brain - back occipital lobe
26
where does brain process: sight
back, occipital lobe
27
where does brain process: speech, movement, emotion, problem solving
frontal lobe (front half), also reasoning, planning
28
where does brain process: perceive auditory stimuli, memory
temporal (middle bottom), ears
29
where does brain process: movement, recognition, stimuli
pareital lobe (top middle) next to frontal
30
where does brain process: coordination
cerebellum (extra lump)
31
where does brain process: unconcious functions (heart)
medulla oblongata (long stem under pons)
32
where does brain process: left/right brain communication
pons (large lump on stem)
33
sound receptor:
cochlea
34
sound process:
sound in air- pinna --> tympanic membrane --> malleus, incus, stapes --> oval window --> cochlear (organ of corti) --> electro chemical to auditory nerve
35
two models for enzyme/substrate eg
induced: active site changes to fit substrate
| lock and key: fixed active site, must be perfect to substrate to bind
36
homeostasis:
keeping internal functions in regulated state for optimum functioning
37
negative feedback loop:
stimulus - receptor - control centre - effector - response
38
endotherm eg. hot/ cold
Red kangeroo:
hot- sweating, vasodilation, licking forearms, conc. urine
cold- insulating fur
39
ectotherm eg. hot/cold
Blue tongue lizard:
hot- seek shade
cold- bask, flatten body
40
plants temp regulation:
eucalyptus- drooping leaves, small, sunken stomate
| deciduous- lose leaves
41
blood composition:
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells
42
plasma transports:
urea, carbon dioxide
| salts, amino acids, lipids, sugars, hormones
43
WBC and platelets
WBC - larger, less no. (1:600 RBC) has nucleus and fight disease
platelet clot blood
44
RBC
carry oxygen (oxyheamoglobin), when high conc. of CO2, changes shape of heamoglobin (has iron) --> drops oxygen and picks CO2 to lungs
donut shape, no nucleus
45
sizes: WBC
11 micrometre
46
size RBC
7 micrometre
47
types of WBC:
phagocyte- moves freely, eat foreign pathogens, sites of injury
lymphocyte- make antibodies, specifically against foreign material
48
pulse oximeter:
measure oxygen pumped FROM heart (arterial)
| uses 2 lights (red, infrared) into finger, absorb light into haemoglobin, NON INVASIVE, fast accurate
49
arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis:
oxygen saturation, conc. of CO2 and pH, sample of blood, INVASIVE, delay in time
50
capillary, vein and artery features:
c- thin, one cell big, gas exchange
v- thinner muscle, one way valves, less pressure
a- thick walled, high pressure, elastic
51
blood movement:
body, heart, lungs, heart, body,
52
blood donation products:
RBC: boost oxygen transport (anemia, blood loss)
WBC: immune system (severe infection)
platelets: clotting (leaukemia, severe blood loss)
plasma: blood volume (blood loss)
53
artificial blood disadv:
needs to be sterile, disease free, able to accepted/adopted by patient
54
cohesion-tension theory:
water: polar molecule (+ - uneven), arranges so attract, cohesion- sticks to itself, transpiration/ pulled up
55
transpiration stream:
water enter roots airs (osmosis)
| root cortex --> xylem, transpiration pulls water into leaf, mesophyll (osmosis), stomata leaves
56
pressure flow hypothesis:
sap moves through phloem (from differing hydrostatic pressure)
source--> sieve tube (brings water) increase hydrostatic pressure= flow, to sink (ACTIVE) moves sugars into roots, water move out
57
sinks vs sources:
sink: where plant store sugars (root, fruit)
source: produce sugars (leaves -> photosynthesis)
58
nephron detail process:
filtration: high pressure force out plasma (urea, glucose) in glomerulus
reabsorption: minerals reabsorbed (amino acids, water/salts) in tubule
secretion: substances not removed into proximal/distal tubles
59
hybridisation and eg:
combining two desirable characteristics from same species into one
Brahman + Hereford cow = Bradford (better meat, combat drought and ticks)
60
Sutton / Boveri
Sutton: grasshopper --> chromosomes in cell division/fertilisation same as Mendel's factors,
Boveri: urchin, needed complete set for normal functioning
61
meosis stages:
I P MAT
62
environmet on phenotype:
hydrangeas: acidic- blue, basic- pink
63
protein replication:
transcription: DNA acts as template for mRNA (single strand) CODONS
translation: mRNA - ribosome, anti-codons tRNA take amino acids - polypeptide chain
64
transgenic species eg:
Bt (bacterium) resist insect attacks, don't need spray
65
ethical issues:
ethically immoral- human genes
companines putting patents, profit
outcompete natural crops, not natural, side effects
66
Pasteur experiment:
disprove spontaneous generation, swan flask -
food decay by air-bourne microbes
experiement, Anthrax- created vaccination (50 sheep, 25 with weak, they survived)
67
prion eg: shape
twisted protein
| Cruetzfeld Jacobs disease (CJD)
68
virus eg:
DNA with protein case, influenza
69
protazoan:
single celled, eukaryotic, malaria
70
bacteria:
single celled, prokaryotic, anthrax
71
fungi:
tinea (athletes foot)
72
macroparasite:
ectotherm: lice (worse if vector)
endotherm: tapeworm
73
malaria cause, symptoms
anopheles mosquito carrying plasmodium (protazoa)
infect RBC, shivering, headaches, nausea
74
malaria host response, treatment, prevention, control
host: antibodies to fight, ineffective - changes antigens
treatment: quinine, chloro
prevent: mosquito nets, clothing, repellant
control: draining stagnant water
75
first line defence:
skin: sheds, microflora,
mucous: trap pathogens: urinary, digestive, reproductive tracts
cilia: (nose) hairs movement of mucous , cough/swallow pathogens
76
second line defence:
non specific:
INFLAMMATION: hurt cells trigger histamine, blood dilates (phagocytes/clotting), heat,
PHAGOCYTOSIS: eat pathogens
APOPTOSIS: told (put antigens attract) or seal off with cell wall, digested by phagocytes
77
third line defence: lymphocytes (B)
plasma: make antibodies, fight pathogens in body/humoral fluid
memory B
78
third line defence: lymphocytes (T)
helper T: help phagocytes set off immune response (make plasma B, cytoxic T)
cytotoxic T: attack affected body cells
suppressor T: stop immune response
memory T
79
small pox:
infectious disease extinct in 1977 after worldwide death
80
polio:
paralyse limbs, nearly eradicated in 1950s, only some Africa
81
diptheria:
infectious bacteria: nerve and heart problems, eradicated in 1970s
82
epidomology def:
looking how epidemic in population spread/cause in patterns/correlation
83
eg epidomology:
1950s suggested tobacco = lung cancer, public awareness lowered
84
lung cancer:
cause: carcinogens like benzene in tobacco
effect: tumours, in lungs - death
85
hemophilia:
recessive linked gene, inherited
no stop clotting, can be fatal
2-3 injections/wk of blood clot
86
scurvy:
nutritional: insufficient diet (anorexia, obesity)
| lack of Vit C, cause skin/hair nails fall out (collagen)
87
melanoma:
environmental:
| UV radiation to skin, cause irregular moles/ tumors
88
quarantine success eg:
foot and mouth disease- cows/shepp never in Australia
89
pathogen damage on plants:
eucalptus rust: fungal
gall: grwoth/swelling
leaf miner: fungal
blight: death of tissue
90
shift of prevention to control why? eg animal and plant
more effective, easier to fix before disease happens:
Malaria: control-- quinine, chloroquinine
prevent: stagnant water, genetic engineering
Cavandish: genetic engineered to resist Panama disease (killed Gros Michelle)
CRISPR cheaper
91
conjuctiva and sclera:
con: membrane protecting eye/eyelids
sclera: tough white part, protect eye
92
cornea/ choroid:
cor: refract light, thick transparent
chor: black inside sclera stop excess light
93
retina/iris
inner layer, collects light--> optic nerve
| iris: coloured front of eye, opening size of pupil
94
pupil/lens
pupil: opening, light
lens: changeable thickness, focus light onto retina
95
aqueous/vitreous humour and where?
refract light/ maintain shape
aq: front
vit: back
96
cilliary body:
hold/ shape lens
97
optic nerve:
connect eye to occipital lobe in brain
98
bee eye:
ommatidia 670, mosiac, movement/ colour, large view
99
planarian eye:
cup eye, not pigment, light/direction
100
colour for communication animal eg. breed, warn, food
male satin bowerbird, nice nest of twigs, dancing
dart frog: bright red
food: flowers/ fruits
101
fish detect vs insect detect vibration:
fish- lateral line sensory organ: canals down body, pressure waves in water distort cells
grasshopper- tactile bristiles on legs/wings, stridulation tympanum on leg , antennaes
102
myopia and fix:
eyeball too long (short sight) need concave lens
103
hyperopia and fix:
eyeball too short, (long sight) need convex
104
cataract cause/fix:
lens cloudy, Uv light,
replaced with IOL
Fred Hollows Foundation for Asia/Africa
105
fish make sound:
swim bladder, vibrate or clicking with fin/gill
106
hearing aid: energy transfer
ear canal: sound waves- microphone amplifies - earphone in canal - normal pathway
107
cochlea: energy transfer
soundwave - microphone - electrical code - processor - stimulate electric nerves - auditory nerve
108
hearing aid limitations
does not restore hearing, amplifies, short term, if hair cells dead, wont work
109
cochlear limitation:
expensive, invasive, need re training
110
dendrites/ myelin sheath:
den: receive electrochemical signals from others
myelin: protective coating, quicken tranfer of signal
111
Node of Ranviar:
quickens jump
112
axon terminal:
connect to dendrites, neuro transmitters
113
resting potential no.
-70 mV
114
mV above for action potentional:
55 mV
