HSci 215: Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is injury?
A
Damage to the body caused by acute exposure to physical agents (e.g. mechanical energy, heat, electricity, chemicals, ionizing radiation)
2
Q
What are some major causes of injury?
A
Traffic collisions, drowning, poisoning, falls, burns, violence from assault, self-inflicted violence or acts of war
3
Q
_% of global mortality is due to injury.
A
9%
4
Q
_% of global injury mortality is caused by road traffic injuries.
A
25%
5
Q
_% of global injury mortality is caused by interpersonal violence.
A
10%
6
Q
_% of global injury mortality is caused by self-inflicted violence.
A
16%
7
Q
What happens to a large portion of people surviving their injuries?
A
They incur temporary or permanent disabilities
8
Q
What are some examples of injury-related impairments resulting in disabilities?
A
Physical and/or cognitive limitations due to neurotrauma, paralysis due to spinal cord trauma, partial or complete amputation of limbs, limb deformation resulting in mobility impairments, psychological trauma, sensory disability such as blindness and deafness
9
Q
What is disability?
A
An umbrella term, covering: impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions
10
Q
What is an impairment?
A
Problem in body function or structure
11
Q
What is an activity limitation?
A
Difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action
12
Q
What is participation restriction?
A
A problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations
13
Q
What is health?
A
State of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (also includes spiritual, emotional, environmental, occupational, intellectual health)
14
Q
What is physical health?
A
Ability to perform activities of daily life
15
Q
What is social health?
A
Capacity of satisfying interpersonal relationships, interaction with others, adapting to various social situations
16
Q
What is mental health?
A
Ability to think clearly, reason objectively, analyze critically
17
Q
What is emotional health?
A
Ability to show emotions effectively and appropriately
18
Q
What is environmental health?
A
Appreciation of the external environment and the role individual plays to protect, preserve and maintain it (biophilia!)
19
Q
What is spiritual health?
A
Deepest, innermost part of you that helps you understand the world and your role in it
20
Q
What is occupational health?
A
Satisfaction person gets from their job or stages of career development
21
Q
What % of the world’s population live with some form of disability?
A
15% of the world’s population live with some form of disability
22
Q
Why is the % of people in the world living with some form of disability increasing?
A
Due to the rise of chronic diseases, malnutrition, occupational injuries, traffic injuries, violence (especially due to domestic violence, war), ageing (and other injuries like falls, AIDS, environmental degradation, etc)
23
Q
What % of people with disabilities live in low-income countries with limited or no access to basic health services?
A
80% of people with disabilities live in low-income countries
24
Q
Who is WHO?
A
World Health Organization, specialized agency of UN that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health, started April 7, 1948 in Geneva, has 193 members
25
What are the 6 geographical regions of WHO?
AFR, AMR, SEAR, EUR, EMR, WPR
26
What does AFR stand for?
African region
27
What does AMR stand for?
Region of the Americas
28
What does SEAR stand for?
South-East Asia region
29
What does EUR stand for?
European region
30
What does EMR stand for?
Eastern Mediterranean region
31
What does WPR stand for?
Western Pacific Region
32
What happens do each geographical region that has been divided?
They are each further subdivided by income level
33
What are WHO's goals?
1) Assist countries in DEVELOPING POLICIES on disability (with community involvement, national rehab programmes)
2) Assess and recognize diferent health conditions using ICF (International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health)
3) Ensure EARLY IDENTIFICATION and TREATMENT of disabled, including ASSISTIVE DEVICES and ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATIONS
4) Ensure EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS for people with disabilities (especially those who are poor)
34
What is the ICF?
"International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health", WHO's framework for measuring health and disability at both individual and population levels
35
What effects disabilities other than the health condition itself?
Contextual factors: environmental factors and personal factors
36
How have injuries traditionally been known as?
Accidents
37
How has the understanding of injuries changed recently?
Both unintentional and intentional injuries are viewed largely as preventable events
38
With a new view on injuries, what has developed?
Preventative strategies, and a decrease in the human death toll due to injuries in some countries
39
What types of prevention are there?
Primary, secondary, tertiary
40
What is primary prevention?
Actions designed to stop health problems before they start
41
What is secondary prevention?
Intervention early in the development of a health problem to reduce symptoms or to halt its progression
42
What is tertiary prevention?
Treatment or rehab efforts aimed at limiting the effects of a disease after the person has become sick
43
How is WHO working to prevent injuries and violence and mitigate their consequences?
1) Improve DATA COLLECTION
2) Develop SCIENCE-BASED APPROACHES to PREVENTION, CONTROL, REHAB
3) Distribute proven and promising INTERVENTIONS
4) IMPROVE SERVICES for persons with disabilities, as well as victims and survivors of injuries and violence and their families
5) Enhance TEACHING and TRAINING programmes
44
What are ways to prevent road injuries?
Seat-belts, helmets, enforced BAC
45
What are ways to prevent poisoning?
Child-resistant containers and cupboards
46
What are ways to prevent falls?
Home hazard modification
47
What are ways to prevent drowning?
Pool fencing, swimming lessons
48
What are ways to prevent suicide?
Treatment of depression, watching for signs
49
What are ways to prevent violence?
School-based educational programmes to prevent intimate partner violence, and home visitation programmes to reduce child maltreatment
50
What are three reasons disability on a global level is on the rise?
Population ageing, rapid spread of chronic diseases, and improvements in measuring disability
51
What is key to prevent disability?
Reducing risk factors
52
What are behavioural risk factors of CVD?
Unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use
53
What are biological risk factors of CVD?
High blood LDL, high blood pressure, overweight
54
What are prevention strategies for CVDs?
Regular physical activity, avoid tobacco use and second-hand smoke, diet of fruits and vegetables, avoid fatty, sugary, salty foods, maintain healthy body weight
55
Behavioural risk factors are responsible for _% of CVDs.
80%
56
What are risk factors of cancer?
Tobacco use, obesity, low fruit/veggie intake, physical inactivity, alcohol use, HPV infection, urbam air pollution, indoor smoke from from household use of solid fuel, exposure to UVB rays
57
What are prevention strategies for cancer?
Do opposite of risks, vaccinate against HPV and HBV, control occupational hazards, reduce sunlight exposure
58
What % of cancer can be prevented by avoiding risk factors?
30%
59
What does "population ageing" mean?
Lives are getting longer (due to elimination of infectious diseases), so we actually have more old people than ever before
60
What is an RTI?
Fatal or non-fatal injury incurred as a result of a collision on a PUBLIC road with at least ONE moving vehicle
61
Who are the most vulnerable road users?
Children, pedestrians, cyclists, riders and passengers of motorized two wheelers, elderly
62
What can survivors, relatives and friends suffer after a sever crash?
Physical, psychological, emotional and economic devastation
63
How many people die every year due to RTIs?
1.3 million people every year
64
How many people sustain non-fatal injuries due to RTIs every year?
20-50 million
65
How many groups of causes is mortality divided into, and what are they?
Group 1, group 2, group 3
66
What is group 1 of mortality causes?
Communicable diseases, maternal causes, conditions arising in ther perinatal (28wk in gestation-1st week of birth) period and nutritional deficiencies; no longer leading causes of death around world due to health advancements, and more common in low income countries
67
What is group 2 of mortality causes?
Noncommunicable diseases, predominant around the world
68
What is group 3 of mortality causes?
Intentional and unintentional injuries
69
What are the leading causes of death by unintentional injuries?
RTIs, falls
70
What are the leading causes of death by intentional injuries?
Self-inflicted injuries and interpersonal violence
71
RTIs and interpersonal violence have higher rates of injury-related mortality in who?
Males (compared to females)
72
Who do fires most commonly kill?
Females, and then children
73
Why are non-fatal outcomes measured?
To describe accurately burden of disease due to injury (DALY)
74
What is DALY?
Disability-adjusted life years, indicator used to quantify loss of healthy life due to disease; years of life lost from premature death plus years of life lived with disability
75
What is the DALY equation?
YLL + YLD
76
What does YLL mean, and how do you calculate it?
Years of life lost due to premature mortality; YLL= NxL
- N= number of deaths
- L= standard life expectancy at age of death in years
77
What does YLD mean, and how do you calculate it?
Years lost with disability due to injury or illness; YLD= IxDWxL
- I= incidence
- DW= disability weight (standardized weight, which is given)
- L= average duration of case until remission or death (in years)
78
Is DALY internationally accepted?
Yes, because it assumes everyone in the world has the same right to the best life expectancy in the world (Japan takes the lead: 80 for males, 82 for females)
79
What % of DALY is due to RTIs?
22%
80
What % of world's deaths are due to injuries?
9%
81
What % of world's DALY is due to injuries?
12%
82
What region has the highest mortality rate due to injuries?
Lower-income countries in Europe (EUR)
83
What percentage of people in the world live in lower-middle income countries?
About 82%
84
How much of the world's deaths from injuries occur in low-middle income countries?
90%!
85
What regions have the highest number (not rate) of injury deaths worldwide?
SEAR and WPR
86
How many people died worldwide from injuries in 2000?
5 million (mortality rate of 83.7 per 100000)
87
Globally, how does injury mortality compare between men and women?
Twice higher in men, but in some regions, females are the same or higher
88
What ages accounts for almost 50% of world's injury-related mortality?
15-44
89
How does mortality from RTIs and interpersonal violence compare between men and women?
3 times higher in males than in females
90
What percent of children under 5 account for drowning deaths?
25%
91
Children under 5 account for how much of fire-related deaths?
15%
92
What are 3 flaws in the Global Burden of Injury 2000 data?
1) National vital registration was only available for 19% of countries in AFR
2) GBD estimates for 2000 were from info compiled to estimate burden of disease in 1990, so some necessary adjustments were lacking
3) DALY measure doesn't reflect all health consequences of injuries (like mental health problems from violence and war, STIs resulting from rape or effects of infectious diseases and malnutrition after war
93
What would need to change in order for suffering to be avoided?
Prevention and emergency rescue services
94
What age do RTIs kill the most?
15-29 (second is 30-44)
95
Whats happening from 1990 to 2020?
- RTIs will rise in rank to 6th place as a major cause of death worldwide
- RTIs will become 3rd for DALY
- RTIs will be 2nd for DALY in low and middle-income countries
- RTIs will increase by over 80% in low and middle-income countries, and decline by 30% in high-income
96
In 1990, what were RTIs ranked for DALY?
9th
97
Which has the highest number of mortality and DALY due to RTIs?
SEAR
98
What % of RTIs are in low-middle income countries?
90%
99
What % of the world's registered vehicles are in low-middle income countries?
48%
100
What group and % of road users account for RTI deaths?
46% of people are pedestrians, cyclists, riders of 2-wheel vehicles and their passengers (greater in low-income than high-income)
101
What countries have lowest road traffic deaths?
High income Europe
102
How much is spent on RTIs?
$518bill
103
How much is spent on low-income due to RTIs?
$65bill
104
What is the problem with psychological impact of RTIs?
Medical costs and lost productivity don't capture it, which might possibly exceed those losses and costs associated with premature death
105
What is the new understanding of RTIs? (8 parts)
1) PREDICTABLE and PREVENTABLE
2) HUMAN-MADE PROBLEM open to rational analysis and scientific study
3) MULTI-SECTORAL ISSUE and public health issue (all sectors need to be engaged in responsibility, activity, advocacy)
4) COMMON DRIVING ERRORS and pedestrian behaviour shouldn't lead to death, and traffic system should help users cope within INCREASINGLY DEMANDING CONDITIONS
5) Vulnerability of HUMAN BODY should LIMIT DESIGN PARAMETERS
6) RTI is a SOCIAL EQUITY ISSUE (equal protection should be aimed for)
7) TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER from high to low-income need to FIT LOCAL CONDITIONS, addressing LOCAL NEEDS
8) LOCAL KNOWLEDGE needs to inform implementation of LOCAL SOLUTIONS
106
Up to _% of RTIs are due to human error.
90%!
107
What are the public health and RTI aspects? (7 points)
1) Injury surveillance (collect data, magnitude, scope)
2) Research (find causes)
3) Prevention and control (design, implement, monitor, evaluate interventions)
4) Evaluation (disseminate info and evaluate cost effectiveness)
5) Policy (persuade policy-makers and decision-makers to address RTIs)
6) Services (translate science-based info into policies)
7) Advocacy (promote capacity building in all areas, especially data and research)
108
What is the systems approach?
Identify problems, formulate strategy, set targets, monitor performance
109
What is the Haddon Matrix?
Factors are: human, vehicles (acts as the agent) and equipment, and environment; phases are: pre-crash, crash, post-crash
110
Describe the phases of the human factor.
Pre-crash: info, attitudes, impairment, police enforcement
Crash: use of restraints, impairment
Post-crash: first-aid skills, access to medics
111
What is the pre-crash phase?
Crash prevention
112
What is the crash phase?
Injury prevention during crash
113
What is the post-crash phase?
Life sustaining
114
Describe the phases of the vehicles and equipment factor.
Pre-crash: roadworthiness, lighting, braking, handling, speed management
Crash: occupant restraints, other safety devices, crash-protective design
Post-crash: ease of access, fire risk
115
Describe the phases of the environment.
Pre-crash: road design and layout, speed limits, pedestrian facilities
Crash: crash-protective roadside objects
Post-crash: rescue facilities, congestion
116
What would driving 5+ hours in a day influence?
Exposure to risk
117
What would high speed and drinking influence?
Involvement
118
What would high speed, not wearing a seatbelt, or having no child restraint influence?
Severity of crash injury
119
What influences exposure to risk?
- increased need to travel, time and distance
- fast motorization and an increase in vulnerable road population (especially pedestrians and cyclists)
- transport, land use and road network planning
- speed limits, road layout, design
- socioeconomic changes
- growing urban areas and movement to suburbs
- demographic factors
120
Ideally, how should travel distances be?
The fastest should be the shortest
121
What influences crash involvement?
- inappropriate or excessive speed (<1/3 countries have taken measures), affecting # of crashes and severity
- alcohol presence
- fatigue
- using hand-held devices
- vehicle factors (braking, handling, maintenance)
- defects in road design, layout, maintenance
- poor visibility and driving in dark
- being a young driver (especially young men)
-
122
What is WHO's recommended BAC limit?
0.05 g/dl, which <50% of countries have laws at this limit
123
____ drivers have __ times risk of a crash compared with drivers aged __
Teenage drivers have >5 times risk of crash compared to drivers >30; 20-29 year olds have 3x risk compared to drivers >30
124
Teens with BAC of ___ carrying ___ were __ more likely to crash than >30yr olds with 0 BAC and 1 passenger
BAC of 0.03 g/dl, carrying 2+ passengers, 34 times more at risk of crashing
125
What's the difference between 0.10, 0.08, and 0.05 BAC?
BAC at 0.10= 3 times likelihood of a crash compared to 0.05, 0.08= twice likelihood of crashing compared to 0.05
126
What factors influence BAC?
Amount consumed in given time, size, sex, build, metabolism, type and amount of food in stomach, mood (women have higher % body fat and lower levels of enzyme to break down alcohol)
127
Who are at risk of fatigue?
Young people (males aged 16-29), shift workers with disrupted sleep patterns, people with untreated sleep apnea or narcolepsy
128
How much sleep is dangerous for driving?
Less than 5 hours of sleep in the preceding 24 hrs
129
When is it dangerous to drive?
Between 2am and 5am
130
Being a young driver, what influences crash involvement?
Mobility patterns and vehicle characteristics, psychological characteristics, less alcohol tolerance, common error (speed), number of passengers
131
What influences crash injury severity?
Inappropriate/excessive speed, seat belts used wrong, child restraints not used, helmets not worn, air bags, roadside objects
132
What is the kinetic energy applied to the human frame? What does it depend on?
E = (½) mv2; probability of crash involving an injury: v2, serious crash: v3, fatal crash: v4. As ∆v goes from 20-100km/h, P of fatal goes from ~0 to ~1(100%)
133
What amount of traffic related deaths/injuries is caused by car to pedestrian collisions?
1/3!
134
What part of the body do pedestrian collisions happen to?
Mostly lower limb, but head injuries cause most deaths
135
What is the 1st phase of car-to-pedestrian?
Impacts different parts of car front, more severe injuries
136
What is the 2nd phase of car-to-pedestrian?
Contact with road surface, less severe injuries
137
What % of countries require seatbelts to be worn?
57%
138
Who is least likely to wear a seatbelt?
Young drivers
139
Correctly used seatbelts reduce risk of death by up to what %?
61%
140
Less than ____ countries require child restraints.
HALF!
141
Mandatory child restraints reduce child deaths by up to what %?
35%
142
What should be considered when dealing with restraints?
Age and weight
143
Helmets can reduce risk of death by _% and severe injury by _%.
40% for death, 70% for severe injury
144
Only _% countries have motorcycle helmet laws
40%
145
Airbags can reduce driver deaths in frontal crashes by about 10% (from about 30%)
Check stats, because slides from class were incorrect
146
In low and middle-income countries, when do most deaths occur?
Pre-hospital phase
147
How many countries have pre-hospital care-systems?
76%
148
What influences severity of post-crash injuries?
- delay in detecting crash
- fire from collision or leakage of hazardous material
- lack of appropriate pre-hospital care, or care in hospital emergency rooms
- ambulance high speed and crashes
- rehab services
149
What intervention strategies need to be taken to reduce RTIs?
- be seen as a preventable public health problem
- provide safe, sustainable, affordable means of travel
- political and integrated approach to collaborate with many sectors (where health sector plays a full role)
- tackle other problems at the same time (congestion, noise, air pollution, lack of physical exercise, etc)
- better land use to reduce exposure and traffic
- encourage people to switch from high-risk to lower-risk transport (while also promoting health, discouraging private car use)
- provide shortest AND quickest routes which are also safest
- priority to HOV networks
- minimize contact between high-speed traffic and unprotected road users
- improve visibility
- enforce rules
- increase driving age for 2-wheelers
150
What makes up an intelligent vehicle?
ISA (Intelligent Speed Adaptation): advisory, voluntary, mandatory; audible seatbelt reminders
151
What factors put YOUNG road users at higher risk for RTIs?
Roads planned without consideration to specific needs, children are different from adults, and risky behaviour in adolescents
152
What % of RTI global mortality is between ages 15-44? What about global DALY?
Over 50%! and around 60% (the leading cause of death for this age group)
153
How many people >25 years are killed everyday from RTIs?
>1000/day
154
What do graduated driver liscensing systems prohibit?
N drivers from driving on roads with high speed limits
155
What is uxoricide?
Homicides between spouses
156
What was "Childhood Experience with Domestic Violence" about?
Qualitative study on effects of uroxicide on children
157
How many children have witnessed an uroxicide? (in a year? I don't know)
4000
158
What is violence?
Intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community that results or has high likelihood to result in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation
159
What are the natures of violence?
Physical, sexual, psychological, deprivation/neglect
160
What are the typologies of violence?
Self-inflicted, interpersonal, collective
161
What are the highest typologies of violence causing death?
Interpersonal and self-inflicted (combined, over 25% of injury causing mortality)
162
Which region has highest DALYs and mortality due to interpersonal violence?
AMR
163
Which region has highest DALYs and mortality due to self-inflicted violence?
WPR
164
Who has higher rates of suicide and homicide?
Males (compared to females)
165
What is age standardization?
Different countries have different amounts of different age groups (low-income have more young children usually), so they have to be made comparable .'. are standardized
166
What does the public health approach to violence focus on?
PREVENTION, based on scientific method requirements and has 4 steps
167
What are the 4 steps to address violence within public health?
1) Systematic COLLECTION OF DATA (magnitude, scope, characteristics, consequences at local, national, international levels)
2) Investigating WHY violence happens by researching: causes and correlates of violence, factors that increase/decrease risk, modifiable factors through interventions
3) Finding ways to PREVENT VIOLENCE
4) Implementing INTERVENTIONS
168
Why are people violent?
Biology and other individual factors, combined with family, community, culture
169
What is the ecological model for understanding violence?
Societal > community > relationship > individual
170
What comes with "societal" and violence?
Highly diverse societies have higher rates of crime; violence influenced by cultural norms
171
What comes with "community" and violence?
Poorer neighbourhoods, discrimination
172
What comes with "relationship" and violence?
Peer pressure, negative family experiences
173
What comes with "individual" and violence?
Substance use, biology
174
What factors are related to violence?
Poverty, unemployment and hopelessness, lack of education and proper housing, poor parental role models, cultural beliefs objectifying women, lack of social support, discrimination, stress and economic uncertainty
175
What is homicide?
Death as a result of another's intent to injure or kill
176
What % of homicide occur in low and middle-income countries?
95%
177
How many homicides were there in Canada in 2007?
594
178
In 2007, what group had the highest homicide rate?
Males between 18-24 years of age (perpetrators were also mostly males)
179
What's up with youth homicide rates?
Vary considerably among regions, but lower in high-income countries
180
Whats important to understand around young homicide?
Finding factors that increase risk is most important for developing proper policies and programmes
181
What are some factors that increase risk of youth?
Motives, where behaviour occurs, alcohol or weapon presence, other people present, OTHER actions involved that are conducive to violence, etc.
182
What causes a huge increase in male youth homicides (age 10-24)?
Collapse of communist regime/Soviet Union, increased use of fire arms in US, significant instability in economic transition
183
What are some successful strategies for violence prevention in childhood-early adulthood?
Social development programmes, preschool enrichment programmes, training in parenting, home visitation (0-3), incentives for youths to finish highschool, mentoring programmes, family therapy,
184
What are some unsuccessful strategies for preventing violence from childhood-early adulthood?
Info programmes on drug abuse (6-11), individual counselling, probation programmes meeting with inmates, residential programmes in psych/correctional institutions, training in safe gun use, basic military training, young offenders to adult courts, peer mediation/counselling, gang prevention programmes, gun buy-back
185
What is domestic violence/intimate partner abuse?
Use of force to control and maintain power over another person in the home, including actual physical harm or psychological harm and the threat of harm
186
What predicts abuse better than any other variable?
Marital dissatisfaction, as well as alcohol abuse, communication problems, personality disorders in males
187
What can help domestic violence?
Support services and counselling
188
What is one of the most common forms of violence against women?
Domestic abuse/intimate partner violence
189
What is included in intimate partner violence against women?
Physical aggression, psychological abuse, sexual coercion/forced intercourse, controlling behaviours
190
What is battering?
Continuous abuse in the same relationship
191
Why do women stay in violent relationships?
Financial dependence, fear of retaliation against themselves or children, fear of losing children, hopefulness of improvement, bad times are worth good times, cultural/religious belief, still loves partner
192
What are individual factors for men abusing their partner?
Young age, heavy drinking, depression, personality disorders, low academic achievement, low income, experiencing violence as a child
193
What are relationship factors for men abusing their partner?
Marital conflict, instability, male dominance in family, economic stress, poor family functioning
194
What are community factors for men abusing their partner?
Weak community sanctions against domestic violence, poverty, low social capital
195
What are societal factors for men abusing their partner?
Traditional gender norms, social norms supportive of violence
196
What are health consequences of intimate partner violence?
Physical, sexual/reproductive, psychological/behavioural, fatal health consequences
197
What is the cycle of violence theory?
1) Tension build up (broken promises)
2) Acute battering (abusive incident)
3) Remorse/reconciliation/promises
...then to the honeymoon period
198
In 1993, how many people had experienced intimate partner violence?
29%
199
How did intimate partner violence-deaths compare between 1974 and 1992?
1435 women killed by husbands, 451 men killed by wives
200
From 1998-2006, how many domestic abuse cases were reported to police?
+38000
201
Is spousal violence higher or lower in gay/lesbian couples?
Higher
202
Is spousal violence higher or lower in Aboriginal couples?
Higher
203
How many victims actually report to the police of spousal abuse?
Only 27%
204
What is most important to reduce spousal abuse?
Focus on primary prevention
205
What are other important aspects to reducing spousal abuse?
Other than primary prevention, coordinated community interventions, school programs, support for victims, laws and policies for arresting abusers, all women police stations, treatment for abusers, health service interventions
206
Where can you go for support services for abuse?
Transition house/shelter, police, distress centre, sexual assault centre/women's resource centre, health centre/doctor
207
Whats the concern with violence against children?
Most remain invisible, and is universal among all societies, often trusted individuals, child victims have a high risk of becoming perpetrators later
208
How many children under 5 die each year from violence world wide?
1 in 5000 to 1 in 10000
209
What kind of violence is there towards children?
Physical, sexual, emotional, neglect
210
What is a clear sign of abuse?
Patterns of injury to the skin
211
What is the most common cause of death in young children?
Head trauma from abuse, especially vulnerable are children <2 years
212
What happens to a shaken infant?
Under 9 months, causing intracranial haemorrhages, retinal haemorrhages, fractures at the major joints, mental retardation, cerebral palsy, blindness
213
What happens to the battered child?
Repeated and devastating injury to skin, skeletal system and/or nervous system
214
What happens with sexual abuse to a child?
Infection, genital injury, abdominal pain, constipation, urinary tract infections, behavioural problems
215
What is neglect towards a child?
Failure to seek appropriate health care, deprivation of food, exposure to drugs, inadequate protection from environmental supervision, poor hygiene, deprived of education
216
What is psychological abuse towards a child?
Assaults on personality, character, competence, independence, dignity
217
What does psychological abuse towards a child cause?
Depression, lower self-esteem, sub-optimal growth, fear of offending abuser
218
What factors influence child abuse?
Lack of parenting skills (unrealistic expectations of child), cultural acceptance of corporal punishment, unwanted child, absence of social support or financial pressures, substance abuse
219
What should be done about child abuse?
Recognition/awareness, child protection services, community based programs, prevention and educational campaigns
220
What is sexual assault?
Any act in which one person is sexually intimate with another person without consent
221
How many assaulted women know their attacker?
84%
222
How many rapes occur on a date?
57%
223
Why do some males sexually assault women?
Peer pressure, they think it's normal
224
What does social assumption do in regards to sexual assault?
Prevents recognition of the true nature of sexual assault
225
What makes up social assumption of sexual assault?
Minimization, trivialization, blaming the victim, "boys will be boys"
226
How many Canadians >65 experienced some form of abuse?
4%
227
What kind of abuses were prevalent against older adults?
Material (money, valuables), verbal aggression, physical abuse, neglect
228
Who were the victims in most cases of senior abuse? What was the %?
67% were females
229
Who is the offender in most cases of elder abuse?
Spouse or child
230
How many seniors abused actually lay charges?
Only 13%
231
What can be done to reduce hate and bias crimes?
Support educational programmes fostering understanding and appreciation for differences in people! Also, examine your own attitude, discourage racist/sexist/homophobic jokes, vote for community leaders who value diversity, educate yourself
232
What is suicide?
Death arising from an act inflicted upon oneself with the intent to kill oneself
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In 2000, how many people committed suicide?
815000
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What % of suicides occur in low and middle-income countries?
86%
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What enables suicide?
Neurobiological, psychological and social factors
236
How many suicides were reported in Canada in 2004?
3613
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How do rates of suicide compare between male and female?
3x higher in males, although more women attempt it
238
What is the relationship between suicide and firearms in Canada?
Suicides account for 80% of all firearm deaths in Canada
239
What is the relationship between First Nations and suicide?
3-8 times higher than other Canadians
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What are warning signs of suicide?
Talk of suicide, making a plan, riskier behaviour, writing/drawing about suicide, preoccupation with death, recent loss/inability to let go of grief, withdrawal from friends and family, increased use of alcohol/drugs
241
How can you help prevent suicides in others?
Monitor warning signs, take threats seriously, don't belittle person's feelings, let person know you care, listen, as directly if someone is planning on hurting themselves, help to think of alternatives, tell person's friends, family, counsellor
242
If you feel threatened, how should you act?
Speak in a strong voice and avoid apologies, maintain eye contact, mean what you say and speak assertively, stand up straight, be confident, remain alert
243
What ploys should you be aware of that may initiate an attack?
Request of help, offer to help, guilt trip, authority
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What should you do if you are attacked?
Draw attention to yourself and assailant, scream for help, report attack to appropriate authorities immediately
245
How should you personally prevent an attack?
Be vigilant, use campus escort services, don't use the same route all the time, don't leave the bar alone with someone, don't accept a drink from someone else and don't leave drink unattended, let friends and family know where you are going, stay close to others, avoid unlit paths, keep windows and doors locked
246
What do you do if you are sexually assaulted?
Call 911, don't bathe, shower, or clean up, don't touch anything the attacker may have touched, don't throw away or launder clothes you were wearing, go to a clinic or hospital, contact an assistance hotline
247
How do you deal with a victim of sexual assault?
Believe them, recognize they are a victim, listen, encourage doctor visit immediately, support reporting of crime, encourage counselling
