HST 114 Exam 1 Flashcards
(40 cards)
The long struggle (ending in 1492) during which Spanish Christians reconquered the Iberian peninsula from Muslin occupiers, who first invaded in the eighth century.
Reconquista
Martin Luther’s challenge to the Catholic Church, initiated in 1517, calling for a return to what he understood to be the purer practices and beliefs of the early church.
Reformation
The transatlantic exchange of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred after the first European contact with the Americas.
Columbian Exchange
French for “woods runner,” an independent fur trader in New France.
Coureur De Bois
Instituted by the Virginia Company in 1616, this system gave 50 acres to anyone who paid his own way to Virginia and an additional 50 for each person (pr “head”) he brought with him.
Headright System
Member of an offshoot branch of Puritanism. They believed that the Church of England was too corrupt to be reformed and hence were convinced that they must “separate” from it to save their souls. They helped find Plymouth Colony.
Separatist
Settlers of Plymouth Colony, who viewed themselves as spiritual wanderers.
Pilgrims
Members of the Society of Friends, a radical religious group that arose in the mid-seventeenth century. They rejected formal theology and an educated ministry, focusing instead on the importance of the “Inner Light,” or Holy Spirit that dwelt within them. They were important int he founding of Pennsylvania.
Quakers
In the Spanish colonies, the grant to a Spanish settler of a certain number of Indian subjects, who would pay him tribute in goods and labor.
Encomienda
In the Spanish colonies, the assignment of Indian workers to labor on public works projects.
Repartimiento
Violent conflict in Virginia (1675-1676), beginning with settler attacks on Indians but culminating in a rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia’s government.
Bacon’s Rebellion
Uprising in 1739 of South Carolina slaves against whites; inspired in part by Spanish officials’ promise of freedom for American slaves who escaped to Florida.
Stono Rebellion
Similar to indentured servants, expect that they signed labor contracts in America rather than in Europe, as indentured servants did. Shipmasters sold them into servitude to recoup the cost of their passage if they could not pay the fare upon their arrival.
Redemptioner
Economic system whereby the government intervenes in the economy for the purpose of increasing national wealth. They advocated possession of colonies as places where the mother country could acquire raw materials not available at home.
Mercantilism
Plan adopted in 1662 by New England clergy to deal with the problem of declining church membership. It allowed adults who had been baptized because their parents were church members but who had not yet experienced conversion to have their own children baptized. Without this, these third-generation children would remain unbaptized until their parents experienced conversion.
Halfway Covenant
People who experienced conversion during the revivals of the Great Awakening.
New Lights
James II’s failed plan of 1686 to combine eight northern colonies into a single large province to be governed by a royal appointee (Sir Edmund Andros) with an appointed council but no elective assembly. The plan ended with James’s ouster from the English throne and rebellion in Massachusetts against Andros’s rule.
Dominion of New England
The practice whereby elected representatives normally reside in their districts and are directly responsive to local interests.
Actual Representation
The notion, current in eighteenth-century England, that parliamentary members represented the interests of the nation as a whole, not those of the particular district that elected them.
Virtual Representation
Plan put forward in 1754 by Massachusetts Governor William Shirley, Benjamin Franklin, and other colonial leaders, calling for an intercolonial union to manage defense and Indian affairs. The plan was rejected by participants at the Albany Congress.
Albany Plan of Union
Indian uprising (1763-1766) led by Pontiac of the Ottawas and Neolin of the Delawares. Fearful of their fate at the hands of the British after the French had been driven out of North America, the Indian nations of the Ohio River Valley and the Great Lakes area united to oust the British from the Ohio-Mississippi Valley. They failed and were forced to make peace in 1766.
Pontiac’s Rebellion
Secret organizations in the colonies formed to oppose the Stamp Act. From 1765 until independence, they spoke, wrote, and demonstrated against British measures. Their actions often intimidated stamp distributors and British supporters in the colonies.
Sons of Liberty
Law passed in 1766 to accompany repeal of the Stamp Act that stated that Parliament had the authority to legislate for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” Whether “legislate” meant tax was not clear to Americans.
Declaratory act
Act of Parliament that permitted the East India Company to sell tea through agents in America without paying the duty customarily collect in Britain, thus reducing the retail price. Americans, who saw the act as an attempt to induce them to pay the Townshed duty still imposed in the colonies, resisted this act through the Boston Tea Party and other measures.
Tea Act of 1773
