HTN Flashcards
HTN
is the consistent elevation of arterial blood pressure
Isolated systolic hypertension (ISH)
increased systolic pressure with normal diastolic pressure
Primary HTN (essential HTN)
has no known cause
Primary HTN:
RISK FACTORS
Positive family history
Advancing age
Gender: female >70 years of age; male <55 years of age
Race: black
↑Sodium (Na+) intake
Glucose intolerance (diabetes mellitus)/insulin resistance
Heavy alcohol use
Obesity
Cigarettes
↓Potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg++), calcium (Ca++)
sleep apnea
HTN:
Patho
↑CO (↑HR, ↑SV, or both)
increased peripheral resistance
or both
HTN:
system dysfunction
SNS
RASS
natriuretic peptides
bradykinin
is a potent endothelium-dependent vasodilator and mild diuretic, which may cause a lowering of the blood pressure
secondary HTN
is caused by an underlying dx process that raises peripheral vascular resistance or CO or ↑ blood volune
secondary HTN:
cuprits
kidneys,
hormonal changes,
changes in blood vessels themselves,
drugs
secondary HTN:
cuprits (Renal)
↓ sodium and water
stenosis of renal arteries ↑ renin
secondary HTN:
cuprits (Hormonal Changes)
Hyperaldosteronism(↑ aldosterone→ ↑na+ retention→ ↑blood volume
Cushing’s syndrome (excess cortisol stimulates aldosterone secretion)
hyperthyroidism (↑ CO)
↑ catecholamines (↑HR and vascular resistance)
HTN effect on:
myocardium
left ventricular hypertrophy
MI
HF
HTN effect on:
Coronary arteries
MI
sudden death
HTN effect on:
Kidneys
glomerulosclerosis
↓glomerular filtration
end stage renal dx
HTN effect on:
Brain
TIA cerebral thrombosis aneurysm hemorrhage acute brain infarction
