HUBS 191 immunology

Question 1

what is the immune system ?

Answer 1

An organised system of organs cells and molecules that interact together to defend the body against disease

Question 2

what are the organs involved in the immune system

Answer 2

tonsils
thymus
spleen
bone marrow 
lymph nodes

Question 3

primary lymphoid organs

Answer 3

thymus and the bone marrow

Question 4

secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 4

spleen and the lymph nodes

Question 5

what are the three immune system defences?

Answer 5

chemical & physical barriers
innate
adaptive

Question 6

what makes up the chemical and physical barriers of the immune defence system?

Answer 6

the skin & the mucus membranes in skin

Question 7

innate

Answer 7

• already in place
• rapid
• fixed
• limited specificities
• has no specific memory

Question 8

adaptive

Answer 8

• improves during the reponse
• slow
• varialbe
• highly specific
• has long term specific memory

Question 9

innate defenses

Answer 9

skin and mucous membrane and phagocytes, natrual killer cells, inflammation

Question 10

adaptive defenses

Answer 10

T and B cells

Question 11

three blood cells

Answer 11

Erthroid
myeloid
lymphoid

Question 12

Granulocytes in the blood

Answer 12

apart of the myeloid blood cells. Neutrophil are 75% leukocytes which are highly phagocytic

Question 13

Granulocytes in tissue

Answer 13

mast cells which line the mucous surfaces which release granulates that attract blood cells to the damaged tissue site

Question 14

Monocytes

Answer 14

when found in the blood they have a low phagocytosis. when they leave the blood to the tissue they become macrophages which have a high phagocytosis.

Question 15

dendrite cells

Answer 15

are phagocytic and help tigger the adaptive

Question 16

lymph

Answer 16

white blood cells

Question 17

PAMPs

Answer 17

pathogen associated molecular patterns

Question 18

viruses

Answer 18

have a 
-envelope 
-nucleocapsid
-nucleic acid -ssRNA, dsRNA
'the lose their envelope and neucleocapsid'

Question 19

bacterium

Answer 19

have a

• capsule
• cell wall
• cell membrane
• nucleic acid - DNA, CpG
• flagella

Question 20

what are the three complement cascades

Answer 20

opsonisation-label C3b
chemotaxis-recruit C3a & C5a
lysis-destroy C9

Question 21

complement pathways

Answer 21

classical- antibody bound to pathogen binds complement
alternative- pathogen binds complement to surface/pathogen component
lectin- carbohydrate components of microbes bind complement

Question 22

antigen

Answer 22

anything that has the potential to be recognised by the immune system

Question 23

MHC-1

Answer 23

endogenous ‘intracellular’
antigenic Proteins, degraded to peptides in cytoplasm.
than imported to ER.
peptide loading of MHC-1 takes place in ER

Question 24

MHC-2

Answer 24

exogenous
antigenic proteins degraded in acidic phaglsosomes.
peptide loading of MHC-2 happens in phagolysosome

Question 25

APC

Answer 25

Antigen Presenting Cells - cells that link the innate with the t & b cells. - APC turns pathogen proteins into antigens, they are than presented to the MHC. - the best APC is DC

Question 26

T cell

Answer 26

Are lymphocytes, that are specific for a certain protein. - make Cytokines & Cytotoxic molecules. can either help or deastroy -two types CD4 & CD8

Question 27

Where are T cells made

Answer 27

they are lymphocytes that can from the bone marrow and develop 'rearrange' in the thymus.

Question 28

TCR

Answer 28

T cell receptor. | T cells express TCR with each having a unique TCR for one antigen peptide.

Question 29

CD4

Answer 29

recognise antigen peptides in context of MHC-2. | they make Cytokines that support other immune cells

Question 30

CD8

Answer 30

recognise antigen peptides in context of MHC-1. they make cytotoxic molecules that kill infected cells cytotoxic T lymphocytes CTL

Question 31

Naive T cells

Answer 31

are T cells that have not been activated by MHC/peptide

Question 32

activated T cell

Answer 32

also known as effector T cells - kill infected cells - make cytokines - support antibody production " B Cells" - remeber the antigen the next time

Question 33

Memory T cells

Answer 33

T cell activation can result in memory T cells. | CD4 & CD 8 T cells become effectors much faster than naive T cells

Question 34

immune response 7 steps

Answer 34

1. pathogens infect at tissue site 2. DC live in tissue, are the first to see pathogens. 3. DC process pathogens into antigenic peptides & load them onto MHC 4. DC with antigenic peptides travel to lymph node 5. T cells in lymph node meet DC 6. T cells become activated in lymph node and become either cytokines or cytotoxic 7. B cells in lymph node are activated and make antibodies

Question 35

inflammatory response 5 steps

Answer 35

1. chemical signals from tissue resident cells"mast cells" act to attract more cells "neutrophils" to site of injury or infection 2. Neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow 3. Neutrophils cling to capillary wall 4. chemical signals from tissue make capillary leaky 5. neutrophils leave blood to site of injury