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HUBS191 > HUBS 191 immunology > Flashcards

HUBS 191 immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the immune system ?

A

An organised system of organs cells and molecules that interact together to defend the body against disease

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2
Q

what are the organs involved in the immune system

A 
tonsils
thymus
spleen
bone marrow 
lymph nodes
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3
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

thymus and the bone marrow

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4
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen and the lymph nodes

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5
Q

what are the three immune system defences?

A

chemical & physical barriers
innate
adaptive

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6
Q

what makes up the chemical and physical barriers of the immune defence system?

A

the skin & the mucus membranes in skin

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7
Q

innate

A
  • already in place
  • rapid
  • fixed
  • limited specificities
  • has no specific memory
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8
Q

adaptive

A
  • improves during the reponse
  • slow
  • varialbe
  • highly specific
  • has long term specific memory
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9
Q

innate defenses

A

skin and mucous membrane and phagocytes, natrual killer cells, inflammation

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10
Q

adaptive defenses

A

T and B cells

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11
Q

three blood cells

A

Erthroid
myeloid
lymphoid

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12
Q

Granulocytes in the blood

A

apart of the myeloid blood cells. Neutrophil are 75% leukocytes which are highly phagocytic

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13
Q

Granulocytes in tissue

A

mast cells which line the mucous surfaces which release granulates that attract blood cells to the damaged tissue site

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14
Q

Monocytes

A

when found in the blood they have a low phagocytosis. when they leave the blood to the tissue they become macrophages which have a high phagocytosis.

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15
Q

dendrite cells

A

are phagocytic and help tigger the adaptive

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16
Q

lymph

A

white blood cells

17
Q

PAMPs

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns

18
Q

viruses

A 
have a 
-envelope 
-nucleocapsid
-nucleic acid -ssRNA, dsRNA
'the lose their envelope and neucleocapsid'
19
Q

bacterium

A

have a

  • capsule
  • cell wall
  • cell membrane
  • nucleic acid - DNA, CpG
  • flagella
20
Q

what are the three complement cascades

A

opsonisation-label C3b
chemotaxis-recruit C3a & C5a
lysis-destroy C9

21
Q

complement pathways

A

classical- antibody bound to pathogen binds complement
alternative- pathogen binds complement to surface/pathogen component
lectin- carbohydrate components of microbes bind complement

22
Q

antigen

A

anything that has the potential to be recognised by the immune system

23
Q

MHC-1

A

endogenous ‘intracellular’
antigenic Proteins, degraded to peptides in cytoplasm.
than imported to ER.
peptide loading of MHC-1 takes place in ER

24
Q

MHC-2

A

exogenous
antigenic proteins degraded in acidic phaglsosomes.
peptide loading of MHC-2 happens in phagolysosome

25
Q

APC

A

Antigen Presenting Cells

  • cells that link the innate with the t & b cells.
  • APC turns pathogen proteins into antigens, they are than presented to the MHC.
  • the best APC is DC
26
Q

T cell

A

Are lymphocytes, that are specific for a certain protein.
- make Cytokines & Cytotoxic molecules.
can either help or deastroy
-two types CD4 & CD8

27
Q

Where are T cells made

A

they are lymphocytes that can from the bone marrow and develop ‘rearrange’ in the thymus.

28
Q

TCR

A

T cell receptor.

T cells express TCR with each having a unique TCR for one antigen peptide.

29
Q

CD4

A

recognise antigen peptides in context of MHC-2.

they make Cytokines that support other immune cells

30
Q

CD8

A

recognise antigen peptides in context of MHC-1.
they make cytotoxic molecules that kill infected cells
cytotoxic T lymphocytes CTL

31
Q

Naive T cells

A

are T cells that have not been activated by MHC/peptide

32
Q

activated T cell

A

also known as effector T cells

  • kill infected cells
  • make cytokines
  • support antibody production “ B Cells”
  • remeber the antigen the next time
33
Q

Memory T cells

A

T cell activation can result in memory T cells.

CD4 & CD 8 T cells become effectors much faster than naive T cells

34
Q

immune response 7 steps

A
  1. pathogens infect at tissue site
  2. DC live in tissue, are the first to see pathogens.
  3. DC process pathogens into antigenic peptides & load them onto MHC
  4. DC with antigenic peptides travel to lymph node
  5. T cells in lymph node meet DC
  6. T cells become activated in lymph node and become either cytokines or cytotoxic
  7. B cells in lymph node are activated and make antibodies
35
Q

inflammatory response 5 steps

A
  1. chemical signals from tissue resident cells”mast cells” act to attract more cells “neutrophils” to site of injury or infection
  2. Neutrophils enter blood from bone marrow
  3. Neutrophils cling to capillary wall
  4. chemical signals from tissue make capillary leaky
  5. neutrophils leave blood to site of injury

HUBS191 (3 decks)

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