HUBS191 Neuro recap cards

Question 1

Vertebrae divisions

Answer 1

Cervical 
Thoracic 
Lumbar 
Sacrum 
Coccyx

Question 2

Cervical

Answer 2

7

Question 3

Thoracic

Answer 3

12

Question 4

Lumbar

Answer 4

5

Question 5

Spinal cord starts at….

Answer 5

foramen magnum

Question 6

Spinal cord ends at…

Answer 6

Inferior border of L1 vertebrae

Question 7

What is the spinal cord within?

Answer 7

Sack in the spinal cavity which is within the vertebrae and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 8

Conus medlaris

Answer 8

End of the spinal cord is a tapered cone

Question 9

Filum terminale

Answer 9

Extends from the conus medlars to the end of the spinal cavity
It is an extension of the meninges, anchors the spinal cord

Question 10

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 10

31 pairs

Question 11

Cervical spinal nerve pairs

Answer 11

8 pairs

Question 12

Thoracic spinal nerve pairs

Answer 12

12 pairs

Question 13

Lumbar spinal nerve pairs

Answer 13

5 pairs

Question 14

Sacral spinal nerve pairs

Answer 14

5 pairs

Question 15

Coccygeal spinal nerve pairs

Answer 15

1 pair

Question 16

Spinal nerve exits

Answer 16

C1 nerve exits above the C1 vertebrae - all other spinal nerves exit below their corresponding vertebrae

Question 17

Cauda equina

Answer 17

Large collection of nerves inferior to the end of the spinal cord

Question 18

Peripheral nerve structure

Answer 18

Individual axons may be myelinated or unmyelinated

Axons are covered with endoneurium

Endoneurium covered axons (nerve fibres) are bundled together to form a fascicle

Fascicles are covered with perineurium

Fascicles bundle with each other and with blood vessels to form a nerve

Nerves are covered with epineurium

Question 19

Bundles of axons in the CNS are called…

Answer 19

a tract

Question 20

Dorsal side of spinal cord

Answer 20

Sensory (afferent)

Afferent information comes in through the dorsal root

Question 21

Ventral side of spinal cord

Answer 21

Motor (efferent)

Efferent motor information leaves through the ventral root to the effectors

Somatic motor neurons in ventral form of spinal cord

Autonomic in lateral/ventrolateral horns of the spinal cord

Question 22

Dorsal nerve roots

Answer 22

Flow of information is one way and the direction is IN

Question 23

Ventral nerve roots

Answer 23

Flow of information is one way and the direction is OUT

Question 24

Roots combine to form..

Answer 24

Spinal nerve and the flow of information is two ways therefore the direction is IN and OUT

Question 25

Once spinal nerves leave the spinal column...

Answer 25

They branch into 2 branches - ventral and dorsal ramus (ramus = branch) The ventral ramus communicates with the sympathetic chain via 2 sympathetic rami

Question 26

Grey matter in the spinal cord

Answer 26

cell bodies

Question 27

White matter in the spinal cord

Answer 27

axons

Question 28

Ventral columns

Answer 28

White matter | Information descending

Question 29

Dorsal columns

Answer 29

White matter | Information ascending

Question 30

Lateral columns

Answer 30

Sensory and motor information are going up and down in both directions

Question 31

Four lobes of the brain

Answer 31

Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal

Question 32

Frontal lobe

Answer 32

``` Motor cortex Behaviour Mood Personality Language ```

Question 33

Parietal lobe

Answer 33

Somatosensory cortex and also the association cortex (faces, shapes, words etc.)

Question 34

Temporal lobe

Answer 34

Hearing and memory

Question 35

Occipital lobe

Answer 35

Vision

Question 36

Primary motor cortex

Answer 36

Execution of movement Precentral gyrus - command from neuron here reaches other neuron, causing a somatic efferent neuron synapse on to a skeletal muscle

Question 37

Pre-motor cortex

Answer 37

Planning of movement Anterior part of the motor cortex - once you plan to do something, if you decide to execute the movement then the information is sent to the primary motor cortex which then sends the command to make the movement

Question 38

Stretch reflex

Answer 38

Muscle spindles/stretch receptors are stimulated when the muscle is stretched. Results in nerve fibre activation and impulses sent from spindles to the spinal cord along afferent fibres. Information is processed at the level of the spinal cord which causes activation of motor neurons which causes contraction of the muscle to prevent overstretching

Question 39

Withdrawl reflex

Answer 39

Painful stimuli triggers action potentials up afferent pain fibres which synapse in the spinal cord. Signals go up to the brain to alert of pain, to other levels of spinal cord to coordinate movement of other joints and onto efferent motor fibres within that spinal level. Stimulation of flexors and inhibition of extensors allows for withdrawal away from the painful stimulus.

Question 40

Spinal reflex arc overview

Answer 40

Stimulation of receptor - activation of sensory neurons - information processing in CNS - activation of motor neuron - response in peripheral effector (contraction of agonist muscle and also inhibition of the antagonist muscle) Integration of information ... stimulus - afferent input via the dorsal root ganglion - up to the brain - modification of the response and travels back down (the afferent signal into the brain crosses at the spinal cord i.e. the stimulus is recorded in the brain at the opposite side of the brain that the stimulus was recorded.

Question 41

Stretch and withdraw reflexes are a part of the ...

Answer 41

Spinal reflex arc

Question 42

Somatic sensory (afferent) division

Answer 42

Responsible for relaying information from the body to the CNS

Question 43

Somatic motor (efferent) division

Answer 43

Responsible for sending out commands from CNS to the body, stimulating skeletal muscle contraction

Question 44

Visceral sensory (afferent) division

Answer 44

Receptors receive stimulus that gets sent to the CNS

Question 45

Sympathetic division (efferent)

Answer 45

Fight or flight response, prepares body for the stress response e.g. increase heart rate, constricting blood vessels to skin and viscera to increase blood flow to muscles, decrease digestion and salivation, increase pupil size, increased sweating

Question 46

Parasympathetic division (efferent)

Answer 46

Rest and digest response, prepares body for restful situations e.g. decreases heart rate, increases gastric motility, decrease in pupil size, increase in salivation

Question 47

Integration centres for autonomic and somatic are in the

Answer 47

CNS, but there actual location is in the PNS

Question 48

Somatic neurons

Answer 48

Voluntary Neuron 1 - upper motor neuron = myelinated by oligodendrocytes, all in the CNS Neuron 2 - lower motor neuron = myelinated by Schwann cells, PNS, ACh on to effector cells

Question 49

Parasympathetic neurons

Answer 49

Involuntary control Neuron 1 Neuron 2 - Preganglionic neuron = myelinated, long axon, ACh Neuron 3 - Postganglionic neuron = unmyelinated, short axon, ACh

Question 50

Sympathetic neurons

Answer 50

Involuntary control Neuron 1 Neuron 2 - Preganglionic = myelinated, short axon, ACh Neuron 3 - Postganglionic = unmyelinated, long axon, NE released at synapse on to the effector