HUBS191_Flashcards (2)
(27 cards)
What are the four basic tissue types in the body?
Epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous tissue.
What is the anatomical position?
Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward, feet together.
What are the three anatomical planes?
Sagittal, coronal (frontal), and transverse (horizontal).
What are flexion and extension?
Flexion decreases the angle of a joint; extension increases it.
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and blood cell production.
What are the three classes of bone and how do their shapes relate to function?
Long (movement), short (stability), flat (protection), irregular (complex shapes).
What is the difference between compact and cancellous bone?
Compact bone is dense and strong, forming the outer shell; cancellous bone is spongy and found at the ends of long bones and in vertebrae.
Describe the external anatomy of the brain and its major lobes
Lateral and medial views reveal the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes; each has distinct functions like motor control, sensory processing, hearing, and vision respectively.
Name and locate the major sulci and gyri of the brain
Key sulci include the central sulcus and lateral sulcus; major gyri include the precentral and postcentral gyri, which relate to motor and sensory cortices.
List the regions of the brainstem
The brainstem consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
Identify selected internal structures of the brain from a coronal view
Includes thalamus, basal ganglia, internal capsule, and ventricles.
Describe types of white matter tracts
Association tracts connect areas within the same hemisphere, commissural tracts connect the two hemispheres, and projection tracts connect the brain to the spinal cord.
Outline the anatomy of the corticospinal (motor) tract
Begins in the motor cortex, travels through internal capsule, brainstem, decussates in the medulla, and descends in the spinal cord to synapse on motor neurons.
Outline the anatomy of the dorsal column (sensory) pathway
Begins with sensory receptors, enters spinal cord, ascends ipsilaterally, decussates in medulla, synapses in thalamus, and projects to somatosensory cortex.
Define a receptive field in somatic sensation
An area of skin where stimulation leads to a response in a specific sensory neuron; smaller fields allow for higher sensitivity.
Explain sensory signal transduction
Process where physical stimuli are converted into electrical signals in sensory neurons.
Differentiate tonic vs phasic sensory receptors
Tonic receptors adapt slowly and respond continuously, while phasic receptors adapt quickly and respond at stimulus onset/offset.
What is the anatomical position?
Standing upright, facing forward, feet together, arms at sides with palms facing forward.
Define superior and inferior in anatomical terms.
Superior means towards the head; inferior means towards the feet.
What is meant by medial and lateral?
Medial means closer to the midline of the body; lateral means farther from the midline.
Describe flexion and extension movements at a joint.
Flexion decreases the angle between bones; extension increases it.
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
Support, protection, movement, storage of minerals, and blood cell production.
What are the two types of bone tissue and their functions?
Compact bone provides strength and structure; cancellous (spongy) bone reduces weight and stores marrow.
Name the classes of bones and give an example of each.
Long (femur), short (carpals), flat (skull), irregular (vertebrae), sesamoid (patella).
